The Girón Formation (, Jg) is an extensive geological formation stretching across from the north in Teorama, Norte de Santander, across the Mesa de Los Santos and Chicamocha Canyon towards west of Nobsa, Boyacá in the northern part of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the south. The formation extends across the northern and central part of the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes.

The formation forms the basement in the Middle Magdalena Valley and is forming the Serranía de Los Cobardes. The Girón Formation consists of thickly bedded red sandstones, shales, siltstones and conglomerates deposited in a terrestrial alluvial and fluvial to fluvio-lacustrine environment in an extensional basin setting. The formation dates to the Late Jurassic period and has a maximum thickness of at its type locality in the valley of the Lebrija River.

Definition The formation was first defined by Hettner in 1892 and named after Girón, close to Bucaramanga, Santander. The type locality was defined by Langenheim in 1954 in the valley of the Lebrija River. The formation was studied by various authors in the 1940s, Oppenheim in 1940, Dickey in 1941 and Trumpy in 1943, who described the formation as a lateral equivalent of the La Quinta Formation of northern Colombia and western Venezuela. Julivert (1958) assigned a thickness of , while Navas in 1963 observed a thickness of . Cediel in the same year defined the thickness at its type locality of and divided the formation in seven units.Pulido González, 1985, p.9 Research by Osorio and Velandia, published in 2015, concluded a maximum thickness of at the type locality.Osorio & Velandia, 2015, p.979 On the Cáchira Páramo in Norte de Santander, the thickness is .Fúquen et al., 2011, p.43

Description The Girón Formation extends over a distance of about from Teorama in Norte de Santander in the north to Nobsa in Boyacá in the south, stretching across three departments; Norte de Santander, Santander and Boyacá.

Lithologies The Girón Formation is characterized by a thick sequence of red feldspathic and micaceaous sandstones and thinly bedded reddish siltstones, conglomerates with quartz and lithic clasts, shales with white spots and purple to dark red claystones. In the south, the formation includes fragments of schists, quartzites, and red and green limonite. The middle part of the sequence contains alternating greyish green sandstones and red to purple siltstones in beds up to .Royero Gutiérrez, 2001, p.16 In the Middle Magdalena Valley (VMM), the Girón Formation has been drilled and proved to comprise rhyolitic, rhyodacitic flows and tuffs.Garavito Cubillos, 2008, p.31 To the southeast of Cáchira, Norte de Santander, andesitic porphyry copper deposits in mineralizations of chalcopyrite and bornite occur in the Girón Formation.Fúquen, 2011, p.105

Stratigraphy and depositional environment The Girón Formation in large areas of its extent overlies the Precambrian Bucaramanga Gneiss,Royero Gutiérrez, 2001, p.13 in the northern area the Arboleda Granite,Fúquen, 2011, p.46 and the Carboniferous to Permian Diamante Formation in the area around Toledo, Norte de Santander.Royero Gutiérrez, 2001, p.15 In this part, the formation is overlain by the Río Negro and Tibú-Mercedes Formations.

In the central area at the type locality in the Lebrija River valley, the formation unconformably overlies the Bocas Formation and is overlain by the Tambor Formation. On the Mesa de Los Santos and the Bucaramanga Massif, the formation overlies the Jordán Formation with an angular unconformity dipping 10 to 15°.Ayala et al., 2005, p.50 In the central part it is overlain by the Rosablanca Formation. In the southernmost extent of the formation, along the road from Busbanzá to Corrales, the Girón Formation unconformably rests upon the Floresta Formation.Ulloa et al., 2003, p.45 The formation forms the economic basement in the Middle Magdalena Valley.

The age has been estimated to be Late Jurassic, ranging from Oxfordian to Tithonian,Méndez Espinosa, 2017, p.33 based on ostracods and palynomorphs. Stratigraphically, the formation is time equivalent with the Buena Vista Breccia of the proximal area of the Llanos Basin and the Arcabuco Formation to the west of the Boyacá Fault.Méndez Espinosa, 2017, p.32

The formation was deposited in an alluvial to fluvial or fluvio-lacustrine terrestrial environment, with fast-flowing braided rivers and in certain parts meandering river deposition to a deltaic environment. Towards the top of the stratigraphic unit, the deposition became shallow marine.Fúquen, 2011, p.45 The overall tectonic regime represented an extensional basin setting.Fúquen et al., 2011, p.15 The rifting of the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, resulting from the break-up of Pangea, caused large variations in thickness of the Girón Formation.Jiménez et al., 2016, p.318

Provenance The grains composing the Girón Formation have been analyzed using X-ray diffraction, resulting in quartz as principal component (73 to 97%), and clay minerals belonging to the kaolinite group (2 to 4%) and illite-mica (3-19%). It has been suggested a main component of the provenance for the sediments was the Devonian Floresta Formation.Méndez Espinosa, 2017, p.147

Tectonics

The Girón Formation probably deposited as a result of regional uplift of the Santander and Floresta Massifs in the Late Jurassic.Mojica & Kammer, 1995, p.170 The formation is folded in an anticline around the type locality producing the Los Cobardes Anticlinal that extends to Contratación.Osorio & Velandia, 2015, p.975Jiménez et al., 2016, p.314Plancha 151, 2009 Transpressive tectonic movements after deposition produced five sets of fractures; an asymmetrical group of NW-SE, NW-SE, and E-W fractures and a set symmetrical with the general anticline at NNE-SSW and ESE-WNW. Pervasive cleavage exists in the formation at the Floresta Massif.Ayala et al., 2005, p.53 Magnetization analysis performed in 2005 by Ayala et al. showed clockwise rotation of the formation in the southern area around Paz de Río of 31 ± 18° and Nobsa of 40 ± 18° respectively.Ayala et al., 2005, p.62 The Girón Formation is put into contact with the Cretaceous La Luna Formation in Norte de Santander,Fúquen, 2011, p.77 and is present in the hanging wall of the Bituima-La Salina Fault and cross-cut by several faults, among which the Suárez, Cáchira,Plancha 86, 1981Plancha 97, 2009 and the regional Bucaramanga-Santa Marta Fault.Jiménez et al., 2016, p.315Plancha 120, 2010

Outcrops The Girón Formation is found, apart from its type locality in the Lebrija River valley in Santander, stretching from the north around Teorama, Norte de Santander,Plancha 66, 2009 to the south west of Nobsa in Boyacá.Plancha 172, 1998 The formation crops out along the Colombia-Venezuela border in Toledo, Norte de Santander,Plancha 111, 1999 and the urban center of Hacarí is built on top of the Girón Formation.Plancha 76, 2009 The formation forms the Serranía de Los Cobardes in the western front of the Eastern Ranges and is found throughout the Chicamocha Canyon,Plancha 135, 2009Plancha 136, 1984 and the Sogamoso River cuts through the Girón Formation.

The Girón Formation also crops out along the highway from Bucaramanga to Piedecuesta where frequent landslides of the fractured rocks occur in the rainy season.Taponada Vía Bucaramanga-Bogotá - 1984 - El TiempoDerrumbes en Piedecuesta en Santander tienen incomunicadas a dos veredas - 2017 - RCN RadioEnormes derrumbes taponan cuatro ejes viales de Santander. Paso restringido a un carril - 2018 - El Frente

See also Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense Geology of the Ocetá Páramo Cesar-Ranchería Basin Guavio Formation Valle Alto Formation

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