Da is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Da is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter .
Āryabhaṭa numeration
Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of द are: द = 18 (१८) दि = 1,800 (१ ८००) दु = 180,000 (१ ८० ०००) दृ = 18,000,000 (१ ८० ०० ०००) दॢ = 18 (१८×१०८) दे = 18 (१८×१०१०) दै = 18 (१८×१०१२) दो = 18 (१८×१०१४) दौ = 18 (१८×१०१६)
Historic Da There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Da as found in standard Brahmi, was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta . The Tocharian Da did not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. The third form of da, in Kharoshthi () was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.
Brahmi Da The Brahmi letter , Da, is probably derived from the altered Aramaic Dalet , and is thus related to the modern Latin D and Greek Delta. Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Da can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style. +Brahmi Da historic formsAshoka(3rd-1st c. BCE) Girnar(~150 BCE) Kushana(~150-250 CE) Gujarat(~250 CE) Gupta(~350 CE)
Tocharian Da The Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi , but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. +Tocharian Da with vowel marks Da Dā Di Dī Du Dū Dr Dr̄ De Dai Do Dau Dä
Kharoṣṭhī Da The Kharoṣṭhī letter is generally accepted as being derived from the altered Aramaic Dalet , and is thus related to D and Delta, in addition to the Brahmi Da.
Devanagari Da
Da (द) is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter દ, and the Modi letter 𑘟.
Devanagari-using Languages In all languages, द is pronounced as or when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel: + Devanagari द with vowel marks Da Dā Di Dī Du Dū Dr Dr̄ Dl Dl̄ De Dai Do Dau Dददादिदीदुदूदृदॄदॢदॣदेदैदोदौद्
Conjuncts with द Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. Lacking a vertical stem to drop for making a half form, Da either forms a stacked conjunct/ligature, or uses its full form with Virama. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular avoiding their use where other languages would use them.
Ligature conjuncts of द True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form for an initial "R" instead of repha. Repha र্ (r) + द (da) gives the ligature :
Eyelash र্ (r) + द (da) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + न (na) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + द (da) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + द্ (d) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + द্ (d) + य (ya) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + ध্ (dʱ) + म (ma) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + ध্ (dʱ) + व (va) gives the ligature :
न্ (n) + द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature :
Repha र্ (r) + द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + य (ya) gives the ligature :
Stacked conjuncts of द Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature. छ্ (cʰ) + द (da) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + ब (ba) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + भ (bʰa) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + ब্ (b) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + च (ca) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature :
ड্ (ḍ) + द (da) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature :
ढ্ (ḍʱ) + द (da) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + ग (ga) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + ग্ (g) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + ह (ha) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + ज (ja) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + क (ka) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + ख (kʰa) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + ल (la) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + म (ma) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + प (pa) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + फ (pʰa) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + स (sa) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + त (ta) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + थ (tʰa) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + ठ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + व (va) gives the ligature :
द্ (d) + व্ (v) + य (ya) gives the ligature :
ङ্ (ŋ) + द (da) gives the ligature :
Repha र্ (r) + द্ (d) + व (va) gives the ligature :
ट্ (ṭ) + द (da) gives the ligature :
ठ্ (ṭʰ) + द (da) gives the ligature :
Bengali Da The Bengali script দ is derived from the Siddhaṃ , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, द. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter দ will sometimes be transliterated as "do" instead of "da". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /d̪o/. Like all Indic consonants, দ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a". + Bengali দ with vowel marks da dā di dī du dū dr dr̄ de dai do dau dদদাদিদীদুদূদৃদৄদেদৈদোদৌদ্
দ in Bengali-using languages দ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.
Conjuncts with দ Bengali দ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures. ব্ (b) + দ (da) gives the ligature :
দ্ (d) + ভ (bʰa) gives the ligature :
দ্ (d) + ভ্ (bʰ) + র (ra) gives the ligature dbʰra, with the ra phala suffix:
দ্ (d) + দ (da) gives the ligature dda:
দ্ (d) + ধ (dʱa) gives the ligature :
দ্ (d) + দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature , with the va phala suffix:
দ্ (d) + গ (ga) gives the ligature :
দ্ (d) + ঘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature :
দ্ (d) + ম (ma) gives the ligature :
দ্ (d) + র (ra) gives the ligature , with the ra phala suffix:
দ্ (d) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature , with the ra phala and ya phala suffixes
দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature , with the va phala suffix:
দ্ (d) + য (ya) gives the ligature , with the ya phala suffix:
ন্ (n) + দ (da) gives the ligature :
ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + র (ra) gives the ligature , with the ra phala suffix:
ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature , with the va phala suffix:
ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + য (ya) gives the ligature , with the ya phala suffix:
র্ (r) + দ (da) gives the ligature , with the repha prefix:
র্ (r) + দ্ (d) + র (ra) gives the ligature , with the repha prefix and ra phala suffix:
র্ (r) + দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature , with the prefix and suffix:
Gujarati Da
Da (દ) is the eighteenth consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Da with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter .
Gujarati-using Languages The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, દ is pronounced as or when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel: Da Dā Di Dī Du Dū Dr Dl Dr̄ Dl̄ Dĕ De Dai Dŏ Do Dau DGujarati Da syllables, with vowel marks in red.
Conjuncts with દ Gujarati દ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Da does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. Lacking a half form, Da will normally use an explicit virama when forming conjuncts without a true ligature. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. ર્ (r) + દ (da) gives the ligature RDa:
દ્ (d) + ર (ra) gives the ligature DRa:
દ્ (d) + ગ (ga) gives the ligature DGa:
દ્ (d) + ઘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature DGha:
દ્ (d) + ધ (dʱa) gives the ligature DDha:
દ્ (d) + ન (na) gives the ligature DNa:
દ્ (d) + બ (ba) gives the ligature DBa:
દ્ (d) + મ (ma) gives the ligature DMa:
દ્ (d) + વ (va) gives the ligature DVa:
Javanese Da
Telugu Da
Da (ద) is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter . It is closely related to the Kannada letter ದ. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.
Malayalam Da
Da (ദ) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Grantha letter Da. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
Conjuncts of ദ