Events Pre-1600 1059 – Upon reaching Rome, Bruno of Toul is elected as pope Leo IX and starts initiating reforms. 1096 – Pope Urban II confirms the foundation of the abbey of La Roë under Robert of Arbrissel as a community of canons regular. 1404 – The Italian professor Galeazzo di Santa Sofia performs the first post-mortem autopsy for the purposes of teaching and demonstration at the Heiligen–Geist Spital in Vienna. 1429 – English forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orléans in the Battle of the Herrings. 1502 – Isabella I issues an edict outlawing Islam in the Crown of Castile, forcing virtually all her Muslim subjects to convert to Christianity. 1502 – Vasco da Gama sets sail with 15 ships and 800 men from Lisbon, Portugal on his second voyage to India.Barros (p.268) says 1800 soldiers; Gaspar Correia (p.269) says 800 men-at-arms. 1541 – Santiago, Chile is founded by Pedro de Valdivia. 1593 – Japanese invasion of Korea: Approximately 3,000 Joseon defenders led by general Kwŏn Yul successfully repel more than 30,000 Japanese forces in the Siege of Haengju.
1601–1900 1689 – The Convention Parliament declares that the flight to France in 1688 by James II, the last Roman Catholic British monarch, constitutes an abdication. 1733 – Georgia Day: Englishman James Oglethorpe founds Georgia, the 13th colony of the Thirteen Colonies, by settling at Savannah. 1771 – Gustav III becomes the King of Sweden. 1817 – An Argentine/Chilean patriotic army, after crossing the Andes, defeats Spanish troops at the Battle of Chacabuco. 1818 – Bernardo O'Higgins formally approves the Chilean Declaration of Independence near Concepción, Chile. 1825 – The Creek cede the last of their lands in Georgia to the United States government by the Treaty of Indian Springs, and migrate west. 1832 – Ecuador annexes the Galápagos Islands. 1889 – Antonín Dvořák's Jakobín is premiered at the National Theater in Prague. 1894 – Café Terminus bombing by Émile Henry during the Ère des attentats (1892–1894). This is considered one of the first acts of modern terrorism.
1901–present 1909 – The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is founded. 1909 – New Zealand's worst maritime disaster of the 20th century happens when the , an inter-island ferry, sinks and explodes at the entrance to Wellington Harbour. 1912 – The Xuantong Emperor, the last Emperor of China, abdicates. 1919 – The Second Regional Congress of Peasants, Workers and Insurgents is held by the Makhnovshchina at Huliaipole. 1921 – Bolsheviks launch a revolt in Georgia as a preliminary to the Red Army invasion of Georgia. 1935 – , one of the two largest helium-filled airships ever created, crashes into the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California and sinks. 1945 – A devastating tornado outbreak in Mississippi and Alabama kills 45 people and injures 427 others. 1946 – World War II: Operation Deadlight ends after scuttling 121 of 154 captured U-boats. 1946 – African American United States Army veteran Isaac Woodard is severely beaten by a South Carolina police officer to the point where he loses his vision in both eyes. The incident later galvanizes the civil rights movement and partially inspires Orson Welles' film Touch of Evil. 1947 – The largest observed iron meteorite until that time creates an impact crater in Sikhote-Alin, in the Soviet Union. 1947 – Christian Dior unveils a "New Look", helping Paris regain its position as the capital of the fashion world. 1961 – The Soviet Union launches Venera 1 towards Venus. 1963 – Construction begins on the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Missouri. 1963 – Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 705 crashes into the Everglades shortly after takeoff from Miami International Airport, killing all 45 people on board. 1965 – Malcolm X visits Smethwick near Birmingham following the racially-charged 1964 United Kingdom general election. 1966 – Rabbi Morris Adler is fatally shot by a disgruntled congregant at Congregation Shaarey Zedek in Southfield, Michigan, United States. 1968 – Vietnam War: The Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất massacre occurs, allegedly by South Korean troops. 1974 – Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970, is exiled from the Soviet Union. 1983 – One hundred women protest in Lahore, Pakistan against military dictator Zia-ul-Haq's proposed Law of Evidence. The women were tear-gassed, baton-charged and thrown into lock-up. The women were successful in repealing the law. 1988 – Cold War: The 1988 Black Sea bumping incident: The U.S. missile cruiser is intentionally rammed by the Soviet frigate Bezzavetnyy in the Soviet territorial waters, while Yorktown claims innocent passage. 1990 – Carmen Lawrence becomes the first female Premier in Australian history when she becomes Premier of Western Australia. 1992 – The current Constitution of Mongolia comes into effect. 1993 – Two-year-old James Bulger is abducted from New Strand Shopping Centre by two ten-year-old boys, who later torture and murder him. 1994 – Four thieves break into the National Gallery of Norway and steal Edvard Munch's iconic painting The Scream. 1999 – United States President Bill Clinton is acquitted by the United States Senate in his impeachment trial. 2001 – NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft touches down in the "saddle" region of 433 Eros, becoming the first spacecraft to land on an asteroid. 2002 – The trial of Slobodan Milošević, the former President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, begins at the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague, Netherlands. He dies four years later before its conclusion. 2002 – An Iran Airtour Tupolev Tu-154 crashes in the mountains outside Khorramabad, Iran while descending for a landing at Khorramabad Airport, killing 119. 2004 – The city of San Francisco begins issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples in response to a directive from Mayor Gavin Newsom. 2009 – Colgan Air Flight 3407 crashes into a house in Clarence Center, New York while on approach to Buffalo Niagara International Airport, killing all 49 on board and one on the ground. 2016 – Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill sign an Ecumenical Declaration in the first such meeting between leaders of the Catholic and Russian Orthodox Churches since their split in 1054. 2019 – The country known as the Republic of Macedonia renames itself the Republic of North Macedonia in accordance with the Prespa agreement, settling a long-standing naming dispute with Greece. 2026 – In the first general election since the July Revolution in Bangladesh, the Bangladesh Nationalist Party, led by Tarique Rahman, wins a landslide victory upon returning to power after almost 19 years. A referendum held alongside was also approved by the majority of voters.
Births Pre-1600 AD 41 – Britannicus, Roman son of Claudius (died 55) 528 – Daughter of Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei, nominal empress regnant of Northern Wei 661 – Princess Ōku of Japan (died 702) 1074 – Conrad II of Italy (died 1101) 1218 – Kujo Yoritsune, Japanese shōgun (died 1256) 1322 – John Henry, Margrave of Moravia (died 1375) 1443 – Giovanni II Bentivoglio, Italian noble (died 1508) 1480 – Frederick II of Legnica, Duke of Legnica (died 1547) 1540 – Wŏn Kyun, Korean general and admiral (died 1597) 1567 – Thomas Campion, English composer, poet, and physician (died 1620) 1584 – Caspar Barlaeus, Dutch historian, poet, and theologian (died 1648)
1601–1900 1606 – John Winthrop the Younger, English-American lawyer and politician, Governor of Connecticut (died 1676) 1608 – Daniello Bartoli, Italian Jesuit priest (died 1685) 1637 – Jan Swammerdam, Dutch biologist and zoologist (died 1680) 1663 – Cotton Mather, English-American minister and author (died 1728) 1665 – Rudolf Jakob Camerarius, German botanist and physician (died 1721) 1704 – Charles Pinot Duclos, French author (died 1772) 1706 – Johann Joseph Christian, German Baroque sculptor and woodcarver (died 1777) 1728 – Étienne-Louis Boullée, French architect (died 1799) 1753 – François-Paul Brueys d'Aigalliers, French admiral (died 1798) 1761 – Jan Ladislav Dussek, Czech pianist and composer (died 1812) 1768 – Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1835) 1775 – Louisa Adams, 6th First Lady of the United States (died 1852) 1777 – Bernard Courtois, French chemist and academic (died 1838) 1777 – Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué, German author and poet (died 1843) 1785 – Pierre Louis Dulong, French physicist and chemist (died 1838) 1787 – Norbert Provencher, Canadian bishop and missionary (died 1853) 1788 – Carl Reichenbach, German chemist and philosopher (died 1869) 1791 – Peter Cooper, American businessman and philanthropist, founded Cooper Union (died 1883) 1794 – Alexander Petrov, Russian chess player and composer (died 1867) 1794 – Valentín Canalizo, Mexican general and politician (died 1850) 1804 – Heinrich Lenz, German-Italian physicist and academic (died 1865) 1809 – Charles Darwin, English naturalist, geologist, biologist and theorist (died 1882) 1809 – Abraham Lincoln, American lawyer and statesman, 16th President of the United States (died 1865) 1819 – William Wetmore Story, American sculptor, architect, poet and editor (died 1895) 1824 – Dayananda Saraswati, Indian monk and philosopher, founded Arya Samaj (died 1883) 1828 – George Meredith, English novelist and poet (died 1909) 1837 – Thomas Moran, British-American painter and printmaker of the Hudson River School (died 1926) 1857 – Eugène Atget, French photographer (died 1927) 1857 – Bobby Peel, English cricketer and coach (died 1943) 1861 – Lou Andreas-Salomé, Russian-German psychoanalyst and author (died 1937) 1866 – Lev Shestov, Russian philosopher (died 1938) 1869 – Kiến Phúc, Vietnamese emperor (died 1884) 1870 – Marie Lloyd, English actress and singer (died 1922) 1876 – 13th Dalai Lama (died 1933) 1877 – Louis Renault, French engineer and businessman, co-founded Renault (died 1944) 1880 – George Preca, Maltese priest and saint (died 1962) 1880 – John L. Lewis, American miner and union leader (died 1969) 1881 – Anna Pavlova, Russian-English ballerina and actress (died 1931) 1882 – Walter Nash, English-New Zealand lawyer and politician, 27th Prime Minister of New Zealand (died 1968) 1884 – Max Beckmann, German painter and sculptor (died 1950) 1884 – Johan Laidoner, Estonian-Russian general (died 1953) 1884 – Alice Roosevelt Longworth, American author (died 1980) 1884 – Marie Vassilieff, Russian-French painter (died 1957) 1885 – James Scott, American composer (died 1938) 1885 – Julius Streicher, German publisher, founded Der Stürmer (died 1946) 1889 – Bhante Dharmawara, Cambodian monk, lawyer, and judge (died 1999) 1893 – Omar Bradley, American general (died 1981) 1895 – Kristian Djurhuus, Faroese lawyer and politician, 2nd Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (died 1984) 1897 – Charles Groves Wright Anderson, South African-Australian colonel and politician (died 1988) 1897 – Lincoln LaPaz, American astronomer and academic (died 1985) 1898 – Wallace Ford, English-American actor and singer (died 1966) 1900 – Roger J. Traynor, American lawyer and jurist, 23rd Chief Justice of California (died 1983)
1901–present 1902 – William Collier, Jr., American actor, producer, and screenwriter (died 1987) 1903 – Jorge Basadre, Peruvian historian (died 1980) 1903 – Chick Hafey, American baseball player and manager (died 1973) 1904 – Ted Mack, American radio and television host (died 1976) 1907 – Joseph Kearns, American actor (died 1962) 1908 – Jean Effel, French painter, caricaturist, illustrator and journalist (died 1982) 1908 – Jacques Herbrand, French mathematician and philosopher (died 1931) 1909 – Zoran Mušič, Slovene painter and illustrator (died 2005) 1909 – Sigmund Rascher, German physician (died 1945) 1911 – Charles Mathiesen, Norwegian speed skater (died 1994) 1912 – R. F. Delderfield, English author and playwright (died 1972)