List of heads of state of Portugal

This is a list of heads of state of Portugal from 1139 to the present day.

Between 1139 and 1910, Portugal had a Monarchy system, with all monarchs coming from a single ancestor, Afonso I of Portugal, although the direct lines were cut during the passing of time due to several events. In the almost 800 years of Monarchy, Portugal had four royal houses ruling the country. These houses were:

House of Burgundy (1139–1383) House of Aviz (1385–1580) House of Habsburg (1581–1640) House of Braganza (1640–1910)

On 5 October 1910, a revolution overthrew the Monarchy and a Republic was implemented. Since then, the Republic has had four distinct phases:

First Portuguese Republic (1910–1926) National Dictatorship (1926–1933) Estado Novo (1933–1974) Third Portuguese Republic (1974–present)

Monarchs

House of Burgundy (1139–1383) The Portuguese House of Burgundy, known as the Afonsine Dynasty, was the founding house of the Kingdom of Portugal. Prior to the independence of Portugal, the house ruled the feudal County of Portugal, of the Kingdom of Galicia. When Alphonso I Henriques declared the independence of Portugal, he turned the family from a comital house to a royal house which would rule Portugal for over two centuries. When Ferdinand I died, a succession crisis occurred and Ferdinand's daughter Beatrice of Portugal was proclaimed queen and her husband John I of Castile proclaimed king by the right of his wife. Her legitimacy as a monarch is disputed.David Williamson, «Debrett's Kings and Queens of Europe»,1988, Webb & Bower, Exeter, ; César Olivera Serrano, «Beatriz de Portugal»García de Cortázar, Fernando (1999), Breve historia de España, Alianza Editorial, page 712; Armindo de Sousa, in História de Portugal coordinated by José Mattoso, Editorial Estampa, vol. II, , pages 494/95

House of Aviz (1385–1580) The House of Aviz, known as the Joanine Dynasty, succeeded the House of Burgundy as the reigning house of the Kingdom of Portugal. The house was founded by John I of Portugal, who was the Grand Master of the Order of Aviz. When King John II of Portugal died without an heir, the throne of Portugal passed to his cousin, Manuel, Duke of Beja. When King Sebastian of Portugal died, the throne passed to his uncle, Henry of Portugal (he might be called Henry II because Henry, Count of Portugal, father of Alphonso I of Portugal, was the first of that name to rule Portugal). When Henry died, a succession crisis occurred and António, Prior of Crato, was proclaimed António of Portugal.

House of Habsburg (1581–1640) The House of Habsburg, known as the Philippine Dynasty, is the house that ruled Portugal from 1581 to 1640. The dynasty began with the acclamation of Philip II of Spain as Philip I of Portugal in 1580, officially recognized in 1581 by the Portuguese Cortes of Tomar. Philip I swore to rule Portugal as a kingdom separate from his Spanish domains, under the personal union known as the Iberian Union.

House of Braganza (1640–1910) The House of Braganza, also known as the Brigantine Dynasty, came to power in 1640, when John II, Duke of Braganza, claimed to be the rightful heir of the defunct House of Aviz, as he was the great great grandson of King Manuel I. John was proclaimed King John IV, and he deposed the House of Habsburg in the Portuguese Restoration War.

The descendants of Queen Maria II and her consort, King Ferdinand II (a German prince of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha), came to rule in 1853. Portuguese law and custom treated them as members of the House of Braganza, though they were still Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dynasts. This has led some to classify these last four monarchs of Portugal as members of a new royal family, called the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, though this view is not widely held.

Presidents

The complete list of presidents of the Portuguese Republic consists of the 20 heads of state in the history of Portugal since the 5 October 1910 revolution that installed a republican regime. This list includes not only those persons who were sworn into office as President of Portugal but also those who de facto served as head of state since 1910.

First Republic (1910–1926)

+ No. Portrait President Term of office Election PartyStartEndDuration - Teófilo Braga 1910 1911 — Republican Presidents of the Republic (1911–1926) 1 Manuel de Arriaga 1911 1915 1911 Republicanlater Democratic 2 Teófilo Braga 1915 1915 1915 Democratic 3 Bernardino Machado 1915 1917 1915 Democratic - Ministry 1917 1918 — Independent 4 Sidónio Pais 1918 1918 1918National Republican - Ministry 1918 1918 — National Republican 5 João do Canto e Castro 1918 1919 1918National Republican 6 António José de Almeida 1919 1923 1919Evolutionistlater Republican Liberal 7 Manuel Teixeira Gomes 1923 1925 1923 Democratic 8 Bernardino Machado2nd time 1925 1926 1925 Democratic

Second Republic (1926–1974)

+ No. Portrait President Term of office Election PartyStartEndDuration Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship) (1926–1932) 9 José Mendes Cabeçadas 1926 1926 — Independent - Ministry 1926 1926 —Independent 10 Manuel Gomes da Costa 1926 1926 — Independent - Ministry 1926 1926 —Independent 11 Óscar Carmona 1926 1928 — IndependentNational Union Estado Novo (New State) (1932–1974) Óscar Carmona 1928 1951 1928193519421949 - António de Oliveira Salazar(interim) 1951 1951 — National Union 12 Francisco Craveiro Lopes 1951 1958 1951 National Union 13 Américo Tomás 1958 1974 195819651972 National UnionPeople's National Action

Third Republic (1974–present)

+ No. Portrait President Term of office Election PartyStartEndDuration Presidents appointed in the aftermath of the Carnation Revolution (1974–1976) -National Salvation Junta 1974 1974 —Independent 14 António de Spínola 1974 1974 — Independent 15 Francisco da Costa Gomes 1974 1976 — Independent Presidents elected under the Constitution of the Republic (1976–present) 16 António Ramalho Eanes 1976 1986 19761980IndependentDemocratic Renewal 17 Mário Soares 1986 1996 19861991 Socialist 18 Jorge Sampaio 1996 2006 19962001 Socialist 19 Aníbal Cavaco Silva 2006 2016 20062011 Social Democratic 20 Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa 2016 2026 20162021 Social Democratic 21António José Seguro2026Incumbent2026 Socialist

Timeline

List of heads of state of Portugal

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