Terrebonne was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly of the Parliament of the Province of Canada, in Canada East. It was centred on the town of Terrebonne, immediately north-west of Montreal. It was created in 1841, based on the previous electoral district of the same name for the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada.

Terrebonne was represented by one member in the Legislative Assembly. It was abolished in 1867, upon the creation of Canada and the province of Quebec.

Boundaries

Terrebonne electoral district was located to the north-west of Montreal (now included in the city of Terrebonne).

The Union Act, 1840 merged the two provinces of Upper Canada and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada, with a single Parliament. The separate parliaments of Lower Canada and Upper Canada were abolished.Union Act, 1840, 3 & 4 Vict., c. 35, s. 2. The Union Act provided that the pre-existing electoral boundaries of Lower Canada and Upper Canada would continue to be used in the new Parliament, unless altered by the Union Act itself.Union Act, 1840, s. 18.

The Lower Canada electoral district of Terrebonne was not altered by the Act, and therefore continued with the same boundaries in the new Parliament. Those boundaries had been set by a statute of Lower Canada in 1829:

Members of the Legislative Assembly (1841–1867)

Terrebonne was a single-member constituency.

The following were the members of the Legislative Assembly for Terrebonne. The party affiliations are based on the biographies of individual members given by the National Assembly of Quebec, as well as votes in the Legislative Assembly. "Party" was a fluid concept, especially during the early years of the Province of Canada.J.O. Côté, Political Appointments and Elections in the Province of Canada, 1841 to 1860 (Quebec: St. Michel and Darveau, 1860), pp. 43–58.Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present.Paul G. Cornell, Alignment of Political Groups in Canada, 1841–67 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1962; reprinted in paperback 2015), pp. 93–111.

Parliament Members Years in OfficeParty 1st Parliament1841–1844 Michael McCulloch 1841–1844 Unionist; "British" Tory 2nd Parliament1844–1847 Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine 1844–1847 French-Canadian Group 3rd Parliament1848–1851 Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine Declined seat French-Canadian Group Louis-Michel Viger 1848–1851 (by-election) French-Canadian Group 4th Parliament 1851–1854 Augustin-Norbert Morin 1851–1854 Ministerialist 5th Parliament 1854–1857 Gédéon-Mélasippe Prévost 1854–1857 Rouge Louis-Siméon Morin 1857 (by-election) Bleu 6th Parliament 1858–1861 Louis-Siméon Morin 1858–1861 Bleu 7th Parliament 1861–1863 Louis Labrèche-Viger 1861–1867 Rouge 8th Parliament 1863–1867 Anti-Confederation; Rouge

Notes

The 1841 election in Terrebonne

The first general election in 1841 was marked by considerable threats of violence and intimidation by supporters of one of the candidates, Michael McCulloch. McCulloch was a supporter of the Governor General, Lord Sydenham, who was trying to ensure that as many English-speaking members were elected from Canada East, part of the British government's policy of assimilation of French-Canadians. The reform candidate was Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine, who was campaigning on a policy of a reform alliance between Canada East and Canada West, to achieve popular control of the government by means of responsible government. LaFontaine's "Address to the Electors of Terrebonne" set out his platform of constitutional changes and other reforms.Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine, "The Address to the Electors of Terrebonne", L’Aurore des Canadas, August 28, 1840 (translation).

Terrebonne had a French-Canadian majority, but the riding was targeted by Sydenham and McCulloch's supporters as a constituency that could return an English-speaking supporter of the union. One of the English-language newspapers made this point expressly in the run-up to the election: At this time, it was not unknown for the supporters of a candidate to try to take control of the poll and prevent the supporters of the other candidates from voting.Elections Canada: A History of the Vote in Canada, Chapter 1 – British North America 1758–1866.Careless, The Union of the Canadas, p. 43.

The single poll was intentionally located in New Glasgow, one of the few towns in the constituency that had an English-speaking majority. Lafontaine led his supporters in a march to New Glasgow, which was distant from the centre of the constituency. Many of his group were armed with clubs and pitchforks, which was not uncommon in the elections. As they approached the poll, they encountered a group of six or seven hundred supporters of McCulloch, most armed with clubs, some with firearms. Many of them had been brought in from other parts of the province. Sporadic fighting began to break out, with blood-stains appearing on the snow. The danger of violence and risks to personal safety of his supporters was so great that LaFontaine was forced to withdraw his candidacy to avoid major bloodshed. As the sole candidate with voters at the poll, McCulloch was elected.Irving Martin Abella, "The 'Sydenham Election' of 1841", Canadian Historical Review (1966) 47:326-343, at p. 342. [Subscription needed.]John Ralston Saul, Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine & Robert Baldwin (Toronto: Penguin Canada, 2012), pp. 113–115.

Robert Baldwin, one of the leaders of the reform movement in Canada West, proposed that Lafontaine then stand for election in a by-election in an electoral district in Canada West, York 4th.Côté, Political Appointments and Elections, p. 60, note (55) Lafontaine did so and was elected as a member from Canada West. Baldwin's proposal was one of the starting points for the alliance between Baldwin and Lafontaine, which ultimately led to the establishment of responsible government in the Province of Canada in 1849.James Marsh, "Editorial: Baldwin, LaFontaine and Responsible Government", Canadian Encyclopedia, October 15, 2019.Careless, The Union of the Canadas, p. 55.Saul, Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine & Robert Baldwin, pp. 120–123.

Abolition

The district was abolished on July 1, 1867, when the British North America Act, 1867 came into force, creating Canada and splitting the Province of Canada into Quebec and Ontario.British North America Act, 1867 (now the Constitution Act, 1867), s. 6. It was succeeded by electoral districts of the same name in the House of Commons of CanadaConstitution Act, 1867, s. 40, para. 2. and the Legislative Assembly of Quebec.Constitution Act, 1867, s. 80.

See also List of elections in the Province of Canada

References