El Hierro is one of the 59 constituencies represented in the Senate of Spain, the upper chamber of the Spanish parliament, the . The constituency (whose boundaries correspond to those of the homonymous island) elects one senator. The electoral system uses open list partial block voting, allowing electors to vote for individual candidates rather than parties.

Electoral system The constituency was created as per the Political Reform Law and was first contested in the 1977 general election. The Law provided for the provinces of Spain to be established as multi-member districts in the Senate,. with this regulation being maintained under the Spanish Constitution of 1978.. Additionally, the Constitution requires for any modification of the provincial limits to be approved under an organic law, needing an absolute majority in the Cortes Generales..

Voting is based on universal suffrage, comprising all Spanish nationals over 18 years of age with full political rights, provided that they have not been deprived of the right to vote by a final sentence.. The only exception was in 1977, when this was limited to nationals over 21 years of age and in full enjoyment of their political and civil rights.; . Amendments in 2011 required non-resident citizens to apply for voting, a system known as "begged" voting ().. which was abolished in 2022. Further, amendments in 2018 granted the right to vote to those legally incapacitated. 209 Senate seats (207 in 1977, 208 from 1978 to 2026) are elected using open-list partial block voting: voters in constituencies electing four seats can choose up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, up to two; and in single-member districts, one. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces is allocated four seats, while in insular provinces—such as the Balearic and Canary Islands—the districts are the islands themselves, with the larger ones (Mallorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife) being allocated three seats each, and the smaller ones (Menorca, Ibiza, Formentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma) one each. Ceuta and Melilla elect two seats each.; ; . Until 1985, the law also provided for by-elections to fill Senate seats vacated up to two years into the legislature; subsequently, any vacancies arising after the proclamation of candidates and during the legislative term are filled by the next candidates on the party lists or, when required, by designated substitutes.; .

The electoral law allows for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, alliances and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form an alliance are required to inform the relevant electoral commission within 10 days of the election call—15 before 1985—whereas groupings of electors need to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they seek election—one permille of the electorate, with a compulsory minimum of 500 signatures, until 1985—disallowing electors from signing for more than one list. Also since 2011, parties, federations or alliances that have not obtained a mandate in either chamber of the at the preceding election are required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of electors in the aforementioned constituencies.; . Amendments in 2007 required a balanced composition of men and women in the electoral lists, so that candidates of either sex made up at least 40 percent of the total composition; further amendments in 2024 required the use of a zipper system..

Senators Senators for El Hierro 1977– Legislature Election Distribution 1st 1979 1 2nd 1982 1 3rd 1986 1 4th 1989 1 5th 1993 1 6th 1996 1 7th 2000 1 8th 2004 1 9th 2008 1 10th 2011 1 11th 2015 1 12th 2016 1 13th 2019 (Apr) 1 14th 2019 (Nov) 1 15th 2023 1

General elections 2023 + Summary of the 23 July 2023 Senate of Spain election results in El Hierro Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats Votes % ±pp Total +/− Independent Herrenian Group (AHI) 2,189 36.89 +2.06 1 +1 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 1,759 29.64 –9.16 0 –1 People's Party (PP) 1,173 19.77 +3.81 0 ±0 Herrenian Assembly (AH) 360 6.07 New 0 ±0 Vox (Vox) 262 4.42 New 0 ±0 Canaries Now–Communist Party of the Canarian People (ANC–UP–PCPC) 68 1.15 +1.02 0 ±0 Zero Cuts (Recortes Cero) 24 0.40 +0.11 0 ±0 Blank ballots 99 1.67 +0.27 Total 5,934 1 ±0 Valid votes 5,934 96.80 –0.26 Invalid votes 196 3.20 +0.26 Votes cast / turnout 6,130 54.95 +5.39 Abstentions 5,025 45.05 –5.39 Registered voters 11,155 Sources

November 2019 + Summary of the 10 November 2019 Senate of Spain election results in El Hierro Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats Votes % ±pp Total +/− Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 2,025 38.80 1 ±0 Independent Herrenian Group–Canarian Coalition–New Canaries (AHI–CCa–NC) 1,818 34.83 0 ±0 People's Party (PP) 833 15.96 0 ±0 United We Can (Podemos–IU) 324 6.21 0 ±0 Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) 82 1.57 0 ±0 Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 42 0.80 0 ±0 Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 15 0.29 0 ±0 Canaries Now (ANC–UP) 7 0.13 New 0 ±0 Blank ballots 73 1.40 Total 5,219 1 ±0 Valid votes 5,219 97.06 Invalid votes 158 2.94 Votes cast / turnout 5,377 49.56 Abstentions 5,473 50.44 Registered voters 10,850 Sources

April 2019 + Summary of the 28 April 2019 Senate of Spain election results in El Hierro Candidates Parties and coalitions Popular vote Votes % Esther Carmona Delgado PSOE 2,328 39.82 • Daniel Morales Barrera AHI–CCa 1,465 25.06 • José Miguel Sánchez Padrón PP 1,091 18.66 • Teresa de las Nieves Ruiz González Podemos–IU–Equo 431 7.37 • Lisardo Gaspar Cejas Padrón Cs 366 6.26 • Silvana Ferreira Pérez PACMA 76 1.30 • Neido González Alvarez Recortes Cero–GV 13 0.22 Blank ballots 77 1.32 Total 5,847 Valid votes 5,847 96.98 Invalid votes 182 3.02 Votes cast / turnout 6,029 55.53 Abstentions 4,828 44.47 Registered voters 10,857 Sources

2016 + Summary of the 26 June 2016 Senate of Spain election results in El Hierro Candidates Parties and coalitions Popular vote Votes % Pablo Rodríguez Cejas CCa–AHI 2,149 40.32 • José Miguel Sánchez Padrón PP 1,282 24.05 • Juan Castañeda Acosta PSOE–NCa 966 18.12 • Sandra Magdalena Lima Casañas Podemos–IU–Equo 578 10.84 • Lisardo Gaspar Cejas Padrón C's 186 3.49 • María Josefa González Chinea PACMA 51 0.96 • Selene Benítez Ghersi Recortes Cero–GV 14 0.26 • Bruno Díaz González PCPC 9 0.17 Blank ballots 95 1.78 Total 5,330 Valid votes 5,330 96.47 Invalid votes 195 3.53 Votes cast / turnout 5,525 51.09 Abstentions 5,290 48.91 Registered voters 10,815 Sources

2015 + Summary of the 20 December 2015 Senate of Spain election results in El Hierro Candidates Parties and coalitions Popular vote Votes % Pablo Rodríguez Cejas CCa–AHI 2,133 40.46 • Juan Castañeda Acosta PSOE–NCa 1,107 21.00 • Rita Beatriz Machín González PP 1,019 19.33 • Raimundo Casañas Ortiz Podemos 455 8.63 • Sara María Pérez Padrón C's 230 4.36 • Miguel Ángel Peraza Chinea IUC–IpH–UPeC 153 2.90 • María Candelaria Oval Afonso PACMA 43 0.82 • Selene Alexandra Benítez Ghersi Recortes Cero–GV 12 0.23 • Ángel Basilio González Mesa UPyD 8 0.15 • Sara María Martín Pimentel PCPC 7 0.13 Blank ballots 105 1.99 Total 5,272 Valid votes 5,272 96.13 Invalid votes 212 3.87 Votes cast / turnout 5,484 51.17 Abstentions 5,233 48.83 Registered voters 10,717 Sources

2011 + Summary of the 20 November 2011 Senate of Spain election results in El Hierro Candidates Parties and coalitions Popular vote Votes % Narvay Quintero Castañeda CC–AHI–NC 1,837 34.69 • Juan Luis González Padrón PSOE 1,695 32.01 • Ángel Luis Lima Moeck PP 1,415 26.72 • Abel Fernández Acosta IUC–IpH–LV 181 3.42 • José Antonio De Vera Alventosa UPyD 45 0.85 • Aitor González Padilla PCPE 16 0.30 Blank ballots 106 2.00 Total 5,295 Valid votes 5,295 97.35 Invalid votes 144 2.65 Votes cast / turnout 5,439 53.26 Abstentions 4,773 46.74 Registered voters 10,212 Sources

2008 + Summary of the 9 March 2008 Senate of Spain election results in El Hierro Candidates Parties and coalitions Popular vote Votes % Narvay Quintero Castañeda AHI–CC 2,412 40.15 • Alpidio Valentín Armas González PSOE 2,204 36.69 • Desirée Padrón Mendoza PP 1,201 19.99 • Juan Hernández Lutzardo MUPC 42 0.70 • Rafael Parra Hernanz IUC 32 0.53 • Ana María Pérez Herrera LV 16 0.27 • Ana Mercedes Padrón Fernández LV–GV 8 0.13 • Luis Alberto Hernández González PCPC 7 0.12 • María Isabel De Martín Padrón UPyD 6 0.10 • Ana Cristina González Figueroa ANC 5 0.08 • Victoria Alonso Plasencia POSI 5 0.08 • Juan Miguel Gutiérrez García PUM+J 4 0.07 • Echedey Padrón Guerra UP 2 0.03 • Cristina Estévez Llorente PH 2 0.03 • Rubén González Gutiérrez FE–JONS 1 0.02 • Jesús María Ibáñez Estévez CTC 1 0.02 Blank ballots 59 0.98 Total 6,007 Valid votes 6,007 98.11 Invalid votes 116 1.89 Votes cast / turnout 6,123 64.11 Abstentions 3,428 35.89 Registered voters 9,551 Sources

2004 + Summary of the 14 March 2004 Senate of Spain election results in El Hierro Candidates Parties and coalitions Popular vote Votes % Félix Ayala Fonte CC–AHI 2,182 38.72 • María Carmen Morales Hernández PP 1,603 28.45 • Luciano Eutimio Armas Morales PSOE–PNC 1,554 27.58 • María Felina León Beltrán LV–IU–AC25M 74 1.31 • Manuel Luis Espinosa Krawany CDS 66 1.17 • Álvaro Juan Monzón Santana LV–GV 39 0.69 • Eduardo José Hernández López CTC 2 0.04 Blank ballots 115 2.04 Total 5,635 Valid votes 5,635 97.41 Invalid votes 150 2.59 Votes cast / turnout 5,785 64.67 Abstentions 3,160 35.33 Registered voters 8,945 Sources

2000 + Summary of the 12 March 2000 Senate of Spain election results in El Hierro Candidates Parties and coalitions Popular vote Votes % Venancio Acosta Padrón CC–AHI 2,141 43.33 • Regina García Casañas PP 1,425 28.84 • Juan Castañeda Acosta PSOE–p 1,250 25.30 • Jesús Peñas Artero FE 8 0.16 Blank ballots 117 2.37 Total 4,941 Valid votes 4,941 98.31 Invalid votes 85 1.69 Votes cast / turnout 5,026 62.37 Abstentions 3,033 37.63 Registered voters 8,059 Sources

1996 + Summary of the 3 March 1996 Senate of Spain election results in El Hierro Candidates Parties and coalitions Popular vote Votes % Pedro Luis Padrón Rodríguez CC 2,093 44.93 • Inocencio Hernández González PSOE 1,257 26.99 • Federico Padrón Padrón PP 1,122 24.09 • Ramón Morales González IUC 71 1.52 • Víctor Manuel Padrón Barrera UC 19 0.41 Blank ballots 96 2.06 Total 4,658 Valid votes 4,658 98.56 Invalid votes 68 1.44 Votes cast / turnout 4,726 69.94 Abstentions 2,031 30.06 Registered voters 6,757 Sources

1993 + Summary of the 6 June 1993 Senate of Spain election results in El Hierro Candidates Parties and coalitions Popular vote Votes % Pedro Luis Padrón Rodríguez CC (AHI–AIC) 1,944 43.52 • Eulalio Elviro Reboso Gutiérrez PP 1,222 27.36 • José Francisco Armas Pérez PSOE 1,195 26.75 • Manuel Luis Espinosa Krawany CDS 34 0.76 • María Lourdes Rodríguez Figueroa PH 5 0.11 Blank ballots 67 1.50 Total 4,467 Valid votes 4,467 98.78 Invalid votes 55 1.22 Votes cast / turnout 4,522 72.53 Abstentions 1,713 27.47 Registered voters 6,235 Sources

1989 + Summary of the 29 October 1989 Senate of Spain election results in El Hierro Candidates Parties and coalitions Popular vote Votes % Venancio Acosta Padrón AHI 1,219 31.33 • José Francisco Armas Pérez PSOE 1,133 29.12 • Longinos Morales Pérez PP 983 25.26 • Aurelio Ayala Fonte IU–ICU 535 13.75 • Agustina Tomás Fernández LV–LV 5 0.13 • Jesús Valentín Padrón Febles PST 1 0.03 • José Manuel Quevedo Talavera CEES 0 0.00 Blank ballots 15 0.39 Total 3,891 Valid votes 3,891 98.18 Invalid votes 72 1.82 Votes cast / turnout 3,963 72.62 Abstentions 1,494 27.38 Registered voters 5,457 Sources

1986