Ghaziabad () is a city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh and a part of Delhi NCR. It is the administrative headquarters of Ghaziabad district and is the largest city in Western Uttar Pradesh, with a population of 1,729,000. Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation is divided into 5 zones - City Zone, Kavi Nagar Zone, Vijay Nagar Zone, Mohan Nagar Zone and Vasundhara Zone. The Municipal Corporation comprises 100 wards. Well connected by roads and railways, it is a major rail junction for North India. It is part of the Meerut Division of Uttar Pradesh.
It is sometimes referred to as the "Gateway of Uttar Pradesh" because it is close to Delhi, on the main route into Uttar Pradesh. Recent construction work has led to the city being described by a City Mayors Foundation survey as the second fastest-growing in the world.Ghaziabad was first listed in early 2010 as # 420 by size. , current listings: Situated in the Upper Gangetic Plains, the city has two major divisions separated by the Hindon River, namely Trans-Hindon on the west and Cis-Hindon on the east.
History
The city of Ghaziabad was founded in 1740 A.D. by Ghazi-ud-Din II, who served as a wazir in the court of Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah, and named it as "Ghaziuddinnagar" after his own name.Anu Kapur, In 1864, with the advent of the railways, the name was shortened to Ghaziabad for administrative purposes p. 83-85, Mapping Place Names of India The name "Ghaziuddinnagar" was shortened to its present form, i.e. "Ghaziabad" with the opening of the Railways in 1864. During the Mughal period, Ghaziabad and especially the banks of the Hindon in Ghaziabad, remained a picnic spot for the Mughal royal family.
Establishment of the Scientific Society here, during the same period is considered as a milestone of the educational movement launched by Syed Ahmad Khan. The Scinde, Punjab & Delhi Railway, connecting Delhi and Lahore, up until Ambala through Ghaziabad was opened in the same year. With the completion of the Amritsar-Saharanpur-Ghaziabad line of the Sind, Punjab and Delhi Railway in 1870, Delhi was connected to Multan through Ghaziabad, and Ghaziabad became the junction of the East Indian Railway and Sind, Punjab and Delhi Railway.
Ghaziabad, along with Meerut and Bulandshahr, remained one of the three Munsifis of the District, under the Meerut Civil Judgeship during most periods of the British Raj.
Ghaziabad was associated with the Indian independence movement from the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
Ghaziabad was part of Meerut district, it became a new district on 14 November 1976 by then chief minister N.D. Tiwari.
Demographics
Caste and community composition According to official electoral tracking and community-wise datasets updated by the Election Commission of India for recent electoral cycles, the Ghaziabad Lok Sabha constituency features a highly diverse demographic matrix. The total electorate for the regional Lok Sabha seat stands at 2,948,720 registered electors, making it one of the largest voting constituencies by population volume in northern India.
Within this voting base, the Rajput community represents the single largest traditional demographic concentration in the district, with updated metrics counting between 600,000 and 700,000 voters.
The broader, updated constituency-wide community voting bloc breakdown is structured as follows: Rajputs: 600,000–700,000 voters Muslims: ~550,000 voters Brahmins: ~450,000 voters Scheduled Castes / Jatavs: ~450,000 voters Banias / Vaishyas: ~250,000 voters Jats: ~225,000 voters Punjabis: ~100,000 voters Tyagis: ~75,000 voters Gujjars: ~70,000 voters
The district features heavy historical rural concentrations of specific clans, including more than 150 Tomar (Tanwar) Rajput villages and over 84 Gehlot Rajput villages. The historic Satha-Chaurasi socio-cultural region falls directly within its borders, bringing the total number of Rajput-dominated villages to over 250 across the broader Ghaziabad district area.
This localized demographic concentration is reflected in its political history, with multiple prominent Rajput leaders elected to represent the constituency in the Lok Sabha, including former Union Ministers Rajnath Singh and General V. K. Singh, alongside Dr. Ramesh Chandra Singh Tomar, who held the regional seat five consecutive times. Former Dhaulana MLA Sukhbir Singh Gehlot was also an influential figure within this regional framework.
Population dynamics and projections Provisional historical data from the 2011 census recorded that the Ghaziabad urban agglomeration had a population of 2,358,525, with 1,256,783 males and 1,101,742 females. Following the structural bifurcation of Hapur district, the baseline population of the core Ghaziabad district area was finalized by state documentation at 3,343,334.
Because the official 2021 decadal census cycle was deferred by the Union government due to the COVID-19 pandemic, demographic metrics utilize updated administrative models and trends. As of 2026, exponential urbanization has pushed the projected population of Ghaziabad city to approximately 2,483,000 individuals, while the broader interconnected metropolitan area is estimated to encompass 3,578,000 residents. Separate macro-projections tracking high-density migratory patterns across the National Capital Region approximate the expansive district boundary population at over 5 million residents.
Geographically, Ghaziabad ranks as the largest urbanized city in western Uttar Pradesh and functions as the state's second-largest industrial hub after Kanpur. Central metrics classify Ghaziabad as a Category B1 district under the Ministry of Minority Affairs diagnostic scale due to core historical socioeconomic development indicators trailing below targeted national average baselines.
At the municipality level, the Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation (*Ghaziabad Nagar Nigam*) manages an urban core with a baseline population of 1,648,643 and an average sex ratio of 885 females per 1,000 males. The city literacy index is stable at 84.78%, while children under the age of 6 comprise 12.67% of the municipal demographic. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 13.68% and 0.18% of the municipal populace respectively.
Religion and language
Hindi serves as the predominant language of communication across the district, spoken by 94.24% of the population. Linguistic minorities include speakers of Urdu (1.52%) and Punjabi (1.06%). A diverse array of other regional languages are also spoken natively in minor pockets, owing to Ghaziabad's position as a major industrial hub and transit destination within the broader National Capital Region (NCR).
Government and politics Ghaziabad city is governed by the Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation under the Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act , 1959. Ghaziabad city is spread over of municipal area. It upgraded from a Municipal Board to a Municipal Corporation on 31 August 1994, following the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act. Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation (or Nagar Nigam Ghaziabad) is divided into 5 zones - City Zone, Kavi Nagar Zone, Vijay Nagar Zone, Mohan Nagar Zone and Vasundhara Zone. The Municipal Corporation comprises 100 wards, with councillors elected from each ward. The local elections to all wards was last held in 2023. The executive head is Vikramaditya Singh Malik, the current Municipal Commissioner while the elected head is the Mayor, Sunita dayal from the BJP. In 2022, Assembly Election Atul Garg, Bhartiya Janta Party candidate won the election.
The municipality has the following departments: Swachh Bharat Mission, Public Works Dept, I.T Dept, Property Tax Dept, Health Dept, Street Light Dept, Water Works Dept, Law, Garden/Horticulture. It has an executive committee composed of businessmen.
Representation in state assembly The city is represented in the Lok Sabha through one MP elected from the Lok Sabha constituency represented by BJP's Atul Garg elected in 2024. and one MLA elected from the Vidhan Sabha constituency, represented by BJP's Atul Garg elected in 2017.
Law and order In January 2020, it was announced that the police commissionerate system was likely to be introduced in Ghaziabad in phases. The city police is under the state home department and is headed by Senior Superintendent of Police for the district.
Development
The Ghaziabad Development Authority (GDA), established 1977, is responsible for planning, development and construction of housing projects, commercial lands, land management and infrastructure.
The Uttar Pradesh New and Renewable Energy Development Agency (UPNEDA) announced plans to develop Ghaziabad as the next solar city in the state after Ayodhya. The city is expected to meet 10% of its electricity demand with solar power by 2027. Out of the targeted 22 GW power generation capacity under the plan, 6 GW is planned from rooftop solar systems.
Civic utilities
Nagar Nigam Ghaziabad looks after the civic activities of the city. Other development agencies of the city include the Ghaziabad Development Authority, and the UP Jal Nigam. The master plan for the city is laid by the Town & Country Planning Department, Uttar Pradesh, which is department under the Department of Housing and Urban Planning for the state.
The corporation supplies water and has nearly 2.35 lakh water connections, supplying nearly 388 MLD of water per day. The city also receives water from the Ganga through 50 cusec (one cubic foot of water flow per second which translates into 28.32 litres) and 100 cusec plants but a lot of areas in the city constituting multi-storied apartments do not receive Ganga water and rely on groundwater. Treated water is supplied to only 36.2% of households.
The municipality, as well as UP Jal Nigam sets up sewage treatment plants and water treatment plants for the city. The Ghaziabad Development Authority is responsible for laying networks of sewer lines and piped drinking water supply. Drinking water remains a concern with 55.6% of households accessing it from tube wells, bore wells and hand pumps. Only 30.5% households are connected to piped sewer lines.
As of 2019, Ghaziabad generates 1,000 metric tonnes of waste daily, some of which is sent to Meerut, while 300 metric tonnes are sent to Pilkhuwa, while almost 200 metric tons is used in various GMC owned parks to create compost. The corporation also dumps garbage in Indirapuram landfill site, and would dump it in Pratap Vihar landfill until they stopped on the orders of a National Green Tribunal committee. The corporation also announced in September 2020 that it was creating 10 'garbage factories' as a permanent solution to the city's waste problem. Municipal finance As per the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, the Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation reported a revenue of ₹665 crore (US$80 million) and an expenditure of ₹480 crore (US$58 million) in 2022–23. Taxes contributed to 31.6% of the revenue, while the corporation received ₹429 crore in grants during the year.
Economy
Although connected by railway since 1865, it was not until 1940 that the first modern industry appeared in Ghaziabad. However, it was in the post-independence period that industry really expanded, with a further 22 factories opening in the four years after 1947. This development can be attributed to the influx of people from the newly formed Pakistan and the relocation of businesses from what was now the Pakistani province of Punjab. John Oakey and Mohan Ltd., one of India's largest concerns manufacturing coated and bonded abrasives, and originally functioning under the name of 'National Abrasives' at Rawalpindi was shifted here under the proprietorship of 'Dyer Meakins' in 1947. Subsequently, the Mohan Meakin breweries were also set up in 1949. This period also saw the development of Ghaziabad as one of India's most famous centres of the Oil Engines industry.