The Stedinger Crusade (1233–1234) was a Papally sanctioned war against the rebellious peasants of Stedingen.
The Stedinger were free farmers and subjects of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen. Grievances over taxes and property rights turned into full-scale revolt. When an attempt by the secular authorities to put down the revolt ended in defeat, the archbishop mobilized his church and the Papacy to have a crusade sanctioned against the rebels. In the first campaign, the small crusading army was defeated. In a follow-up campaign the next year, a much larger crusader army was victorious.
It is often grouped with the Drenther Crusade (1228–1232) and the Bosnian Crusade (1235–1241), other small-scale crusades against European Christians deemed heretical.Megan Cassidy-Welch (2013), "The Stedinger Crusade: War, Remembrance, and Absence in Thirteenth-Century Germany", Viator 44 (2): 159–174.
Background Stedinger settlement
The Stedinger were the peasant inhabitants of the region between the Weser river and the lower Hunte river, opposite the village of Bremen. They eventually came to inhabit lands north of the Hunte riveras well. This marshy region was first cleared and settled only at the beginning of the twelfth century. The name Stedinger (or Stedinge in Latin documents) refers to the people, while the land is Stedingen (or in Latin terra Stedingorum, land of the Stedinger). The name derives from the German word Gestade, meaning coast or shore. Originally, in the early twelfth century, the Stedinger were known as Hollandi, that is, Hollanders, or simply rustici, farmers. When relations with their overlords soured, they were dismissively referred to as bestie or beasts.
Legally most of the Stedinger were subjects of the prince-archbishop of Bremen, the land being administered by his ministerials (serfs of knightly rank). Some were subjects of the count of Oldenburg north of the Hunte.Carsten Selch Jensen, "Stedinger Crusades (1233–1234)", in Alan V. Murray (ed.), The Crusades: An Encyclopedia, 4 vols. (ABC-CLIO, 2017), vol. 4, pp. 1121–1122. By 1106 they had received permissions from Archbishop Frederick I conferring on them the right to freehold land and to found churches, as well as exempting them from some taxes. Collectively, these rights and privileges were known as the ius hollandicum or Hollandic right. By the early thirteenth century, the Stedinger formed a well-defined community called the universitas Stedingorum.
Stedinger revolt The grievances which led to open revolt were that the ius Hollandicum was not being respected. Specifically, the Stedinger complained that the archbishop was demanding more in tax than he was owed and that both he and the count intended to convert their freeholds into leases.
In 1204, the Stedinger north of the Hunte rebelled against the count of Oldenburg, burning two of his castles to the ground. Their revolt spread south of the Hunte, where the archbishop's ministerials were driven off. The peasants stopped paying taxes and tithes to the archbishop and attacked his castles intermittently from 1212 to 1214. When Gerhard II became archbishop in 1219, he immediately set to work restoring his authority in Stedingen. Just before Christmas 1229, he excommunicated the Stedingers for their continued refusal to pay taxes and tithes (in the words of the Chronica regia Coloniensis, "for their excesses", pro suis excessibus).
In December 1229, Gerhard joined forces with his brother, Hermann II of Lippe, and led a small force into Stedingen. They were defeated by the peasants on Christmas Day and Hermann was killed. In 1232, after 1 September, Gerhard established a house of Cistercian nuns in Lilienthal for the salvation of his brother, who died, so Gerhard said in the foundation charter, "for the liberation of the church of Bremen".
Investigation After his defeat, Gerhard began preparing for a crusade against the rebels. He may have been inspired by the Drenther Crusade started by Bishop Wilbrand of Paderborn and Utrecht in 1228 against his rebellious peasants.Christoph T. Maier, Preaching the Crusades: Mendicant Friars and the Cross in the Thirteenth Century (Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 52–56. Gerhard convened a diocesan synod on 17 March 1230, whereat the Stedinger were declared heretics.Paul B. Pixton, The German Episcopacy and the Implementation of the Decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council, 1216–1245: Watchmen on the Tower (Brill, 1995), pp. 375–377. They were accused, among other things, of superstitious practices, murdering priests, burning churches and monasteries and desecrating the eucharist. Cardinal Otto of San Nicola in Carcere and his Dominican assistant Gerhard, when passing through Bremen later that year, gave strong support to Archbishop Gerhard's planned crusade.
In June 1230, Gerhard went to Rome to personally argue his case to the pope. Pope Gregory IX proceeded cautiously. He ordered the provost of Münster Cathedral to confirm the excommunication and the validity of the charges.Rebecca Rist (2011), "Pope Gregory IX and the Grant of Indulgence for Military Campaigns in Europe in the 1230s: A Study in Papal Rhetoric", Crusades 10: 79–102, at 83–86. A condensed version of her account is also found in Rist, The Papacy and Crusading in Europe, 1198–1245 (Bloomsbury Academic, 2011), pp. 126–127. When the validity of the charges was confirmed, Gregory sent the letter Si ea que (26 July 1231) to Bishop John I of Lübeck and two prominent Dominicans from Bremen ordering them to investigate the charges further and to call the Stedinger back to communion. Si ea que already permitted the investigators to request military assistance from the neighbouring nobility if the charges proved true. When the bishop of Lübeck's mission failed to bring about a resolution, Gregory ordered bishop and Bishops Gottschalk of Ratzeburg and Conrad I of Minden to reinvestigate the charges one more time.
By October 1232, Gregory was prepared to declare the crusade that Gerhard had requested. On 29 October 1232, he sent the letter Lucis eterne lumine authorising the preaching of a crusade against the Stedinger to the bishops of Minden, Lübeck and Ratzeburg.Thomas W. Smith, "The Use of the Bible in the Arengae of Pope Gregory IX's Crusade Calls", in Elizabeth Lapina and Nicholas Morton (eds.), The Uses of the Bible in Crusader Sources (Brill, 2017), pp. 206–235. They were to preach the crusade in the dioceses of Bremen, Minden, Paderborn, Hildesheim, Verden, Münster and Osnabrück. The bishops were authorized to recruit for the preaching all the Dominicans they needed. The Emperor Frederick II also placed the Stedinger under the imperial ban.
In his letter, Gregory accused the Stedinger of holding orgies and worshiping demons in Satanic rites—on top of their theological errors.Grado G. Merlo, "Stedinger", in André Vauchez (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages (James Clarke & Co., 2002 [online 2005]), retrieved 7 October 2019. He instituted a graduated scale of indulgences of twenty days for attending a crusade sermon, three years for serving in another's pay and five years for serving at one's own expense. Full remission was available only to those who died in the enterprise, provided they confessed their sins. Those who contributed financially received an indulgence in proportion to their contribution, as determined by the preachers. The length of the campaign and the length of the service required to receive an indulgence was also at the discretion of the preachers based on military requirements.
Crusade Campaign of 1233 The initial response to the bishops' preaching was tepid; only a few local knights took the cross. On 19 January 1233, Gregory IX addressed the letter Clamante ad nos to bishops Wilbrand of Paderborn and Utrecht, Conrad II of Hildesheim, Luder of Verden, Ludolf of Münster and Conrad I of Osnabrück asking them to assist the bishops of Minden, Lübeck and Ratzeburg in preaching the crusade. The actual preaching was largely left to the Dominican Order, which had expanded rapidly in northern Germany in the 1220s. Conrad of Marburg, a noted heretic hunter and veteran of the Albigensian Crusade, also preached the crusade against the Stedinger. As a result of the second round of preaching, an army was formed that was large enough for a summer campaign.
In the winter of 1232–1233, the Stedinger captured the archbishop's fortress of Slutter. In early 1233, they destroyed the wooden cloisters of the Cistercian , which was then under construction. They also reportedly captured a passing Dominican friar and beheaded him. The bishops of Minden, Lübeck and Ratzeburg reported to the pope the Stedinger's victories and the reluctance of many to join the crusade because they considered Stedingen naturally fortified by its numerous rivers and streams. It is also apparent from the bishops' report that the Stedinger were regarded as a strong enemy. When the crusaders finally arrived, they achieved some successes, but were defeated at Hemmelskamp in July. Count Burchard of Wildeshausen, a relative of the count of Oldenburg, was among the dead.
While the fighting was in progress in June, Pope Gregory issued a renewed call for a crusade. In the letter Littere vestre nobis (17 June 1233), addressed to the bishops of Minden, Lübeck and Ratzeburg, he raised the partial indulgence previously granted into a plenary one, placing the Stedinger crusade on an equal footing with the crusades to the Holy Land. Around the same time, he issued the decretals O altitudo divitiarum (10 June) and Vox in Rama (11–13 June) directed at a different heretical movement, the Luciferians throughout Germany. In Littere vestre nobis, the plenary indulgence (full remission) was granted not only to those who died (as before) but to all who had taken the cross (i.e., a formal crusade vow) and fought. This change in policy was probably both a response to the Stedinger's successes in the winter of 1232–1233 and a counterweight to the new crusade against the Luciferians, to prevent resources and manpower from being diverted away from the unfinished Stedinger business (negotium).
Campaign of 1234 A larger and more impressive army was raised in early 1234, after the Dominicans preached the crusade throughout Brabant, Flanders, Holland, the Rhineland and Westphalia. According to the Annales Stadenses, the response this time was enthusiastic, but Emo of Wittewierum records that there was widespread uncertainty over whether all those preaching the crusade had the correct authorization to do so. The most serious incident Emo records took place in the Frisian region of Fivelgo. Two Dominicans preaching in Appingedam were attacked and had to flee for safety to Groningen. They subsequently preached against the Fivelgonians. Nearby, in a place called Stets, a local monk interrupted a Dominican's sermon and was imprisoned in Saint Juliana's Abbey in Rottum. Few crusaders were recruited in Fivelgo.
Among those who joined the new army were dukes Henry I of Brabant and Henry IV of Limburg, counts Floris IV of Holland, Otto II of Guelders, Dietrich V of Cleves, William IV of Jülich, Otto I of Oldenburg, Henry III of Wildeshausen and Louis of Ravensberg, the lords of Breda and Scholen and several barons from the county of Flanders. All of these named men were related to the counts of Oldenburg. The overall leader was the duke of Brabant. According to the Sächsische Weltchronik, it numbered 40,000 men; in reality it was probably closer to 8,000.Julia Knödler (trans. Duane Henderson), "Altenesch, Battle of", in Clifford J. Rogers, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, 3 vols. (Oxford University Press, 2010), vol. 1, pp. 39–40.