Andhra Pradesh (retrospectively referred to as United Andhra Pradesh or Undivided Andhra Pradesh) from 1956 comprised the present day Indian state of the same name and Telangana until its division into the two states in 2014.
Creation of United Andhra Pradesh
To gain an independent state based on linguistic identity, and to protect the interests of the Telugu people of Madras State, Potti Sreeramulu fasted to death in 1952. As Madras became a bone of contention, in 1949 a JVP committee report stated: "Andhra Province could be formed provided the Andhras give up their claim on the city of Madras (now Chennai)". After Potti Sreeramulu's death, the Telugu-speaking area of Andhra State was carved out of Madras State on 30 November 1953, with Kurnool as its capital city. On the basis of the gentlemen's agreement of 1 November 1956, the States Reorganisation Act formed Andhra Pradesh by merging Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking areas of the then-existing Hyderabad State. Hyderabad was made the capital of the new state. The Marathi-speaking areas of Hyderabad State merged with Bombay State which later bifurcated in Gujarat and Maharashtra and the Kannada-speaking areas were merged with Mysore State which was later renamed as Karnataka.
In February 2014, the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 bill was passed by the Parliament of India for the formation of the Telangana state comprising ten districts. Hyderabad will remain as a joint capital for not exceeding ten years. The new state of Telangana came into existence on 2 June 2014 after approval from the President of India. Number of petitions questioning the validity of Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 have long been pending for the verdict since April 2014 before the supreme court constitutional bench.
The Visalandhra, Vishalandhra or Vishala Andhra was a movement in post-independence India for a united state for all Telugu speakers, a Greater Andhra (Telugu: విశాలాంధ్ర Viśālāndhra). This movement was led by the Communist Party of India under the banner of Andhra Mahasabha with a demand to merge all the Telugu-speaking areas into one state. (The Communist Party of India demanded the formation of similar linguistic states across India.) The movement succeeded and a separate state of Andhra Pradesh was formed by merging Telugu-speaking areas of Hyderabad State (Telangana) with Andhra State on 1 November 1956 as part of the States Reorganisation Act. (Andhra State had been previously carved out of Madras State on 1 October 1953.) However, on 2 June 2014, Telangana State separated again from Andhra Pradesh and the Vishalandhra movement came to an end. The residual Andhra Pradesh now has approximately the same borders but lost Bhadrachalam Town,Nuguru Taluk: Now known as the Venkatapuram and Wazeedu areas which are initially from East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh
History
To gain an independent state based on linguistic identity and to protect the interests of the Telugu-speaking people of Madras State, Potti Sreeramulu fasted to death in 1952. As the city of Madras became a bone of contention, in 1949 a committee with Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel, and Pattabhi Sitaramayya was constituted. The committee recommended that Andhra State could be formed provided the Andhras gave up their claim on the city of Madras (now Chennai). After Potti Sreeramulu's death, the Telugu-speaking area of Andhra State was carved out of Madras State on 1 October 1953, with Kurnool as its capital city. Tanguturi Prakasam became the first chief minister. Based on the Gentlemen's Agreement of 1956,and as per the request of Hyderabad state leaders,the States Reorganisation Act created Andhra Pradesh by merging the neighbouring Telugu-speaking areas of the Hyderabad State with Hyderabad as the capital on 1 November 1956.
The Indian National Congress (INC) ruled the state from 1956 to 1982. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy became the first chief minister. Among other chief ministers, P. V. Narasimha Rao is known for implementing land reforms and land ceiling acts and securing a reservation for lower castes in politics. Nagarjuna Sagar Dam, completed in 1967, and Srisailam Dam, completed in 1981, are some of the irrigation projects that helped increase the production of paddy in the state.
In 1983, the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) won the state elections, and N. T. Rama Rao became the chief minister of the state for the first time after launching his party just nine months earlier. This broke the long-time single-party monopoly enjoyed by the INC. He transformed the sub-district administration by forming mandals in place of earlier taluks, removing hereditary village heads, and appointing non-hereditary village revenue assistants. The 1989 elections ended the rule of Rao, with the INC returning to power with Marri Chenna Reddy at the helm. In 1994, Andhra Pradesh gave a mandate to the Telugu Desam Party again, and Rao became the chief minister again. Nara Chandrababu Naidu, Rao's son-in-law, came to power in 1995 with the backing of a majority of the MLAs. The Telugu Desam Party won both the assembly and Lok Sabha elections in 1999 under the leadership of Chandrababu Naidu. Thus, Naidu held the record for the longest-serving chief minister (1995–2004) of the united Andhra Pradesh. He introduced e-governance by launching e-Seva centres in 2001 for paperless and speedy delivery of government services. He is credited with transforming Hyderabad into an IT hub by providing incentives for tech companies to set up centres.
In 2004, Congress returned to power with a new chief ministerial face, YS Rajashekara Reddy, better known as YSR. The main emphasis during Reddy's tenure was on social welfare schemes such as free electricity for farmers, health insurance, tuition fee reimbursement for the poor, and the national rural employment guarantee scheme. He took over the free emergency ambulance service initiated by a corporation and ran it as a government project. INC won the 2009 elections under the leadership of YSR in April. He was elected chief minister again but was killed in a helicopter crash that occurred in September 2009. He was succeeded by Congressmen Konijeti Rosaiah and Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy; the latter resigned over the impending division of the state to form Telangana.
During its 58 years as a unified state, the state weathered separatist movements from Telangana (1969) and Andhra (1972) successfully. A new party called Telangana Rashtra Samithi, formed in April 2001 by Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao (KCR), reignited the Telangana movement. A joint action committee formed with political parties, government employees, and the general public spearheaded the agitation. When KCR's health deteriorated due to his fast-unto-death undertaking, the central government decided to initiate the process of forming an independent Telangana in December 2009. This triggered the Samaikyandhra movement to keep the state united. The Srikrishna committee was formed to give recommendations on how to deal with the situation. It gave its report in December 2010. The agitations continued for nearly 5 years, with the Telangana side harping on the marginalisation of food culture, language, and unequal economic development and the Samaikyandhra movement focusing on the shared culture, language, customs, and historical unity of Telugu-speaking regions. The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act bill was passed by the parliament of India for the formation of the Telangana state, comprising ten districts, despite opposition by the state legislature. The bill included the provision to retain Hyderabad as the capital for up to ten years and the provision to ensure access to educational institutions for the same period. The bill received the assent of the president and was published in the gazette on 1 March 2014. The new state of Telangana came into existence on 2 June 2014 after approval from the president of India, with the residual state continuing as Andhra Pradesh. The present form of Andhra Pradesh is the same as that of Andhra State, except for Bhadrachalam town, which continues in Telangana. A number of petitions questioning the validity of the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act have been pending before the Supreme Court constitutional bench since April 2014.
In the final elections held in the unified state in 2014, the TDP got a mandate in its favour, defeating its nearest rival, the YSR Congress Party, a breakaway faction of the Congress founded by Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy, son of former Chief Minister Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy. N. Chandrababu Naidu, the chief of the TDP, became the chief minister on 8 June 2014. In 2017, the government of Andhra Pradesh began operating from its new greenfield capital, Amaravati, for which 33,000 acres were acquired from farmers through an innovative land pooling scheme. Interstate issues with Telangana relating to the division of assets of public sector institutions and organisations of the united state and the division of river waters are not yet resolved.
United Andhra Pradesh demographics
List of governors Data from Andhra Pradesh State Portal.
#PortraitGovernorTerm of the officeHome statePrevious postAppointed byAssumed officeLeft officeTime in office 1 Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi 1 November 1956 31 July 1957 Gujarat Governor of Andhra stateRajendra Prasad 2 Bhim Sen Sachar 1 August 1957 7 September 1962 Punjab Governor of Odisha 3 S. M. Shrinagesh 8 September 1962 3 May 1964 Maharashtra Governor of AssamSarvepalli Radhakrishnan 4 Pattom A. Thanu Pillai 4 May 1964 10 April 1968 Kerala Governor of Punjab 5 Khandubhai Kasanji Desai 11 April 1968 25 January 1975 Gujarat Minister of Labour Zakir Husain 6 S. Obul Reddy 25 January 1975 9 January 1976 Andhra Pradesh Chief Justice of the Andhra Pradesh High CourtFakhruddin Ali Ahmed 7 Mohan Lal Sukhadia 10 January 1976 15 June 1976 Rajasthan Governor of Karnataka 8 Ramchandra Dhondiba Bhandare 16 June 1976 16 February 1977 Maharashtra Governor of Bihar 9 B. J. Divan 17 February 1977 4 May 1977 Gujarat Chief Justice of the Andhra Pradesh High CourtB. D. Jatti (acting) 10 Sharda Mukherjee 5 May 1977 14 August 1978 Maharashtra Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha 11 K. C. Abraham 15 August 1978 14 August 1983 Kerala Member of the Indian National Congress Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 12 Thakur Ram Lal 15 August 1983 29 August 1984 Himachal Pradesh Chief Minister of Himachal PradeshGiani Zail Singh 13 Shankar Dayal Sharma 29 August 1984 26 November 1985 Madhya Pradesh President of the Indian National Congress 14 Kumudben Joshi 26 November 1985 7 February 1990 Gujarat Deputy Minister of Health and Family Welfare 15 Krishan Kant 7 February 1990 21 August 1997 Gujarat Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha R. VenkataramanActing Gopala Ramanujam 22 August 1997 23 November 1997 Tamil Nadu Governor of OdishaK. R. Narayanan 16 C. Rangarajan 24 November 1997 3 January 2003 Tamil Nadu Governor of the Reserve Bank of India 17 Surjit Singh Barnala 3 January 2003 3 November 2004 Punjab Governor of UttarakhandA. P. J. Abdul Kalam 18 Sushilkumar Shinde 4 November 2004 29 January 2006 Maharashtra Chief Minister of MaharashtraActing Rameshwar Thakur 29 January 2006 22 August 2007 Jharkhand Governor of Odisha 19 N. D. Tiwari 22 August 2007 27 December 2009 Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister of UttarakhandPratibha PatilActingE. S. L. Narasimhan27 December 200922 January 2010Tamil NaduGovernor of Chhattisgarh20 23 January 2010 1 June 2014
List of chief ministers On 1 November 1956, Hyderabad State ceased to exist; its Gulbarga and Aurangabad divisions were merged into Mysore State and Bombay State respectively. Its remaining Telugu-speaking portion, Telangana, was merged with Andhra State to form the new state of United Andhra Pradesh. Sanjiva Reddy was the first chief minister.