East Pomeranian dialect

East Pomeranian (), Farther Pomeranian () or just Pomeranian (Pomerisch) is an East Low German dialect moribund in Europe, which used to be spoken in the region of Farther Pomerania when it was part of the German Province of Pomerania, until World War II, and today is part of Poland. Currently, the language survives mainly in Brazil, where it is spoken by descendants of German immigrants of the 19th century and where it was given its own orthography by the linguist Ismael Tressmann. It has co-official status in 11 Brazilian municipalities and has been recognized as a historical and cultural heritage of the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo.

Nowadays, spoken East Pomeranian in Brazil has mostly been influenced by Portuguese language and Hunsrik, a German dialect derived from the Hunsrückisch native to Brazil. It excludes the dialect spoken in the United States, known as Wisconsin Pomeranian, which was influenced by the English language. East Pomeranian was also reported to have been spoken in Australia.

East Pomeranian brought to the United States was spoken in central Wisconsin, Upstate New York, and parts of Iowa. The number of speakers of Wisconsin Pomeranian has decreased significantly and the dialect is moribund, now primarily spoken between Lincoln and Marathon counties in Wisconsin. It estimated that there are less than 500 speakers, who are all over the age of 60.

European Pomeranian East Pomeranian is a Low Saxon language that originated from medieval German settlement in Pomerania. In Farther Pomerania, Low Saxon and Westphalian Germans settled along the coast while the highlands of Farther Pomerania were settled by Brandenburgians. West Frisians and Mennonites later settled in the region as well, speaking related languages.Rudolf Benl: Die deutsche Besiedlung Pommerns. In: Werner Buchholz (Hrsg.): Pommern. Deutsche Geschichte im Osten Europas. Berlin 1999, S. 48–75 After World War II, virtually all of the East Pomeranian speaking Germans were expelled from Pomerania, making it extinct in its former range.

The five dialects of East Pomeranian in Europe were:

Central Pomeranian, which was formerly spoken from between the Wipper and Stolpe Rivers to the eastern edge of the Northeastern dialect area. Out of the other dialects it covered the largest area with a subdialect of Central Pomeranian extending from Swinemünde to Treptow an der Rega, while another was spoken along the coast in Kolberg, Köslin, and Belgard an der Persante. Inland, the cities of Naugard, Regenwalde, Schivelbein, and Neustettin were within the Central dialect area. Brazilian Pomeranian predominantly exhibits features of Central Pomeranian. Southern Pomeranian, which was formerly spoken in the former districts of Saatzig and Dramburg. Southeastern Pomeranian, spoken around Bublitz and north of Neustettin. Northeastern Pomeranian, spoken around Schlawe, Stolp, Rummelsburg, Bütow, Leba and Lauenburg. Wisconsin Pomeranian was close to the Northeastern dialect with influence from the Central dialect. Belbucker, which consisted of dialects spoken around Belbuck Abbey, centered in the Greifenburg district. These dialects were related to the ones spoken around Dramburg.

The dialects have also been described as:

West Prussian ( Westpreußisch), spoken in West Prussia. Eastern Further Pomeranian (Osthinterpommersch), spoken in eastern Farther Pomerania Western Further Pomeranian (Westhinterpommersch), spoken in western Farther Pomerania. Bublitzisch, spoken in Bublitz. Pomerelian (Pommerellisch), spoken in the Pomerelia region.

Further east, there was a Low Prussian-East Pomeranian transitional dialect (Übergangsmundart zum Ostpommerschen) that was not intelligible with Pomeranian. The transition zone ended approximately at Chojnice.Peter Wiesinger : The classification of German dialects. In: Dialectology. A handbook on German and general dialect research. Edited by Werner Besch, Ulrich Knoop, Wolfgang Putschke and Herbert Ernst Wiegand. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1983, p. 887

Brazilian Pomeranian

Whereas Pomeranian has become moribund in Europe and the United States, it is still actively spoken and taught in Brazil. The Pomeranian School Education Program (PROEPO) was set up in 2008 by Ismael Tressmann and promotes the language throughout Espírito Santo and trains teachers on Pomeranian language instruction.

Espírito Santo Afonso Cláudio (in the district of Mata Fria)Lei 2.069 de 2013, Câmara Municipal de Afonso Cláudio Domingos MartinsA escolarização entre descendentes pomeranos em Domingos Martins O povo pomerano no ES ItaranaMunicípio de Itarana participa de ações do Inventário da Língua Pomerana, Prefeitura Municipal de Itarana«Lei Municipal nº 1.195/2016 de Itarana/ES». itarana.es.gov.br Laranja da Terra PancasPomerano!?, acessado em August 21, de 2011No Brasil, pomeranos buscam uma cultura que se perde , acessado em August 21, de 2011 Santa Maria de JetibáLei dispõe sobre a cooficialização da língua pomerana no município de Santa maria de Jetibá, Estado do Espírito Santo Vila PavãoVila Pavão, Uma Pomerânia no norte do Espirito Santo, acessado em August 21, de 2011

Minas Gerais ItuetaLei Municipal Nº 387, de 19 de Maio de 2022, Dispõe sobre a cooficialização da Língua Pomerana, à Língua Portuguesa, no Município de Itueta - MG

Santa Catarina PomerodeLei Nº 2.907, de 23 de maio de 2017 - Dispõe sobre a co-oficialização da língua pomerana à língua portuguesa no município de Pomerode.Pomerode institui língua alemã como co-oficial no Município.

Rio Grande do Sul Canguçu São Lourenço do Sul (under approval)Quadro do processo de cooficialização de línguas por municípios, IPOL

Rondônia Espigão d'OesteLEI Nº 2.644, DE 11 DE ABRIL 2023, dispõe sobre a cooficialização da língua pomerana no âmbito do município de Espigão do Oeste - Roraima

Grammar Verbs

Conjugation patterns of Brazilian Pomeranian verbsbreeka, to break"häwa, "to have"wila, "to want/ to become"måka, "to make"bruuka, "to need"raupa, "to call/ to shout"srijga "to scream"InfinitivebreekahäwawilamåkabruukaraupasrijgaParticiplePastbrookahatwudmåktbruuktroopasreegaIndicativePresentSingular1st personbreekhäwwilmåkbruukraupsrijg2nd personbreeksthästwistmökstbruukstraupstsrigst3rd personbreekthätwilmökbruuktrauptsrijgtPluralbreekahäwawilamåkabruukaraupasrijgaPastSingular1st personbraikhaarwumaikbrüüktraipsreig2nd personbraiksthaastwustmaikstbrüükstraipstsreigst3rd PersonbraikhaarwumaikbrüüktraipsreigtPluralbraikahaarawulamaikabrüükaraipasreiga

Phonology Source: Vowels Front Central Back Unrounded Rounded short long short long short long short long Close Mid Open-mid () Open

Diphthongs Ending pointFrontBack Near-closeMid Open

Consonants Labial Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar/Uvular Glottal Nasal Plosive () Affricate ()() () Fricative () () () () () () Approximant()() ()Rhotic

East Pomeranian dialect

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