The Mexico–United States international park, also known as El Carmen Big Bend Complex, is a proposed transboundary protected area straddling the part of the U.S.–Mexico boundary delineated by the Rio Grande. Proposed by U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to Mexican President Manuel Ávila Camacho in 1944, the goal remains unfulfilled. The proposed bi-national park is along a 268-mile stretch of the river, which is approximately 14% of the border between Mexico and the United States. It consists of 3 protected areas and parks in Texas and 4 in Mexico, which include Big Bend National Park, the Maderas del Carmen, Ocampo, and Cañón de Santa Elena flora and fauna protection areas, Monumento Río Bravo del Norte, Big Bend Ranch State Park, and Black Gap Management Wildlife Area. As it is a region of protected areas and parks, the El Carmen Big Bend Complex area is the habitat for many types of birds, mammals, plants, and insects. Due to this, the area is a prime spot for ecotourism for both the United States and Mexico along the border. Recent issues of increased border security and environmental concerns have emphasized the need for reopening the discussion, which is currently led by organizations such as the National Park Service in Big Bend National Park, the Sierra Club, and Rotary International.

History

Development of the Big Bend region began in 1933 when the Chamber of Commerce in Alpine, Texas commissioned a landscape architect to design an international park for the Big Bend region. Two years later, a U.S. Senator from Texas wrote to U.S. President Roosevelt proposing an international park overlapping the U.S.–Mexico border in this area, prompting the U.S. and Mexico to form a commission establishing Big Bend International Park. It was not until June 1944 that Big Bend National Park came into being. That same month, U.S. President F. D. Roosevelt wrote to Mexican President Manuel Ávila Camacho expressing a desire for the area on both sides of the Rio Grande to form one great international park. He wrote,

President Camacho agreed with Roosevelt's aim. After Roosevelt died, U.S. President Harry Truman resumed talks with Mexico, but in the 1950s, Mexican efforts stopped short of protecting the entire area envisioned, and talks stalled. J. B. Jackson, in his 1951 essay Chihuahua as We Might Have Been, argued for mutual co-operation to restored continuity between the ecosystems on either side of the border.

The conversation did not reopen until 1983 when Mexican President Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado signed an agreement with U.S. President Ronald Reagan to protect, improve and conserve the environment along the border. The 1990s and 2000s saw a significant increase in protected areas within this region with the establishment of the Maderas del Carmen protected area and the Santa Elena Canyon in Mexico in 1994. In 2000, Cemex established an additional borderland conservation project, and in 2009, Mexico made its side of the Rio Grande and the Ocampo Flora and Fauna Protection Area south of Big Bend National Park into protected areas as well. In May 2010, Mexican President Felipe Calderon and U.S. President Barack Obama signed a joint statement pledging both countries' support for cross-border wilderness protection. The following year in October 2011, U.S. Interior Secretary Ken Salazar and Mexican Environment and Natural Resources Secretary Juan Rafael Elvira Quesada outlined the Cooperative Action for Conservation in the Big Bend/Rio Bravo Region, a plan already underway that identified "the next steps for the continued coordination between the two countries in the protection and preservation of the transnational Big Bend/Rio Bravo region – North America's largest and most diverse desert ecosystem."

Name Over the decades, a number of different names have been proposed for the park, including "Big Bend International Peace Park", "Big Bend International Park", "US-Mexico International Park", "Big Bend-Rio Bravo Binational Natural Area", and "Big Bend-Rio Bravo Natural Area of Binational Interest".

Relationship Between Mexico and United States Historical Relationship The United States and Mexico share a 2,000 mile-border with four U.S. states and have 55 active government regulated points of entry. Following the Mexican War of Independence in 1810, the U.S. and Mexico had numerous territorial disputes which stemmed from their previously established disputes with Spain. In 1821, Mexico achieved independence under the Treaty of Cordoba, but due to the political upheaval in Mexico and greater economic opportunities in Texas, it spurred a great migration across the border. Migration was the first dispute between the U.S. and Mexico. In an attempt to stop this migration, Mexico prohibited immigration to Texas (which was still a Mexican territory) from the United States, but when Texas was annexed and became a U.S. slave state in 1845, Mexico broke diplomatic ties with the U.S.

By 1845, Mexico endured many upsets from the United States. In 1848, following the Mexican-American War, Mexico gave up a good part of territory under the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo. It wasn't until 1992 when the United States, Mexico and Canada signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) that paved the way for a closer U.S.-Mexico relationship on security, trade, and combat narcotics. NAFTA was then replaced by the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) in 2020.

Border and Immigration

The relationship between Mexico and the United States regarding border security and immigration is complex. Immigration into the United States is the most common (and often controversial) topic between the two nations. First announced in 2019, the United States and Mexico released a joint declaration to address the shared challenges of irregular migration. In the U.S.-Mexico Joint Declaration, they have pledged to commit to increase migration enforcement, further support of the U.S. expansion of the Migrant Protection Protocols (MPP) on the southern border, and offer jobs, healthcare, and education to migrants in accordance with the MPP.

One small town on the border that would benefit from the completion of El Carmen Big Bend Complex is Boquillas del Carmen, Mexico, which is about a mile south of Big Bend National Park. Like many small towns on the border, Boquillas del Carmen's economy relies on tourism in the parks and protected areas. In Boquillas del Carmen in particular, the primary source of income is tourism from Big Bend National Park. As the only place to cross the border in this region, a small town like Boquillas is critical to ecotourism, and was particularly impacted by the changes in border security in 2001.

Overall, the U.S.-Mexico border serves as a place of trade, educational exchange, drug control, migration regulation and security; however, the increased industrialization and rapid population growth on the border has not only put further pressure on the already fragile political and social climate, but also its natural environment. The dry, arid desert border region houses a population of 15 million people thanks to the rapid economic growth following NAFTA.

Environmental Conservation

The El Carmen Big Bend Complex, specifically, is often referred to as “Texas’s Gift to the Nation” and it is famous for its abundance in natural resources, recreational opportunities and cultural history along the U.S.-Mexico border. In order to maintain this, certain conservation efforts have been enacted. After the 1992 NAFTA agreement, the United States, Mexico and Canada signed the North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation (NACEC) in 1994, to address continental environmental issues. These cross-border partnerships are critical to conserving the transboundary ecosystems on the U.S.-Mexico border. Unfortunately, jurisdictional lines, rapid population growth, and governmental funds have greatly divided ecosystems and habitats. Conservation organizations have been making great strides in ameliorating these ecosystems, as evidenced in the bi-national work taking place in protected natural areas along the border. For example, in the Big Bend area of the Chihuahuan Desert, natural resource managers, scientists, and researchers have been carrying out cross-border projects in desert restoration, ecotourism, wildlife management, geo-spatial data development, and river protection.

Disagreements over border security have introduced questions of the relationship between the two countries, as creation of any kind of barrier between the borders would be detrimental to the wildlife population. Certain types of wildlife would be incapable of crossing back over, becoming stranded on one side or the other. In regards to natural barriers, completion of the complex would benefit the Rio Grande river, which has had decreasing water levels due to agricultural usage and climate change.

Management

Though commonly called an ‘international peace park’ or ‘bi-national park,’ the areas on both sides of the border have different designations with different levels of protection. On the American side, Big Bend is a National Park, which earns it the highest level of federal protection. On the Mexican side, Maderas del Carmen and Cañon de Santa Elena are Protected Areas, which are given less protections than national parks in the country. Despite these technical differences in designation, the NPS, U.S.-Mexico Affairs Office, and CONANP collaborate to share knowledge from their management experiences so as to best protect the ecosystem at large.

Big Bend, Maderas del Carmen, and Cañon de Santa Elena are all part of the Chihuahuan Desert, which is not bounded by the 118 miles of international border that politically splits it in half. The ecosystem is continuous, with the same species of animals and plants living throughout the desert on both sides. Running through both sides are wildlife migration corridors and the Chisos mountain range. Each country recognizes the importance of working together to manage this shared ecosystem. Therefore, although each country manages its own areas separately, they share a vision of protection.

Big Bend National Park is managed by the U.S. National Park Service. Each NPS park has a superintendent who oversees all operations. Each NPS park also has a General Management Plan (GMP) to guide decision-making, that is usually updated every 10–15 years. Big Bend's most recent GMP was drafted in 2004 with intent to revisit it in 15–20 years. This GMP identified several needs for park managers to work on solving: better protection of natural resources, improved employee housing and storage facilities, and an expanded visitor interpretation program. It also described an intention to facilitate continued cooperation between countries.