Kumykia

KumykiaEncyclopedia of World Cultures, Volume 6, David Levinson, Prentice-Hall, 1996, page 220Eurasian Studies, Volume 2, Turkish International Cooperation Agency, 1995, page 70 (Ярцева В. Н. и др. (ред.) Языки Российской Федерации и соседних государств. Том 2. К-Р, стр. 182—183. Цитата: «До 1917 г. слово къумукъ обозначало и территорию, где живут кумыки — Кумыкия.»), or rarely called Kumykistan, is a historical and geographical region located along the Caspian Sea shores, on the Kumyk plateau, in the foothills of Dagestan and along the river Terek. The term Kumykia encompasses territories which are historically and currently populated by the Turkic-speaking Kumyk people.Этническая демография Дагестана: кумыки во второй половине XIX – начале XXI в. М.-Р.А Ибрагимов, А.М. Макгашарипова, Институт ИАЭ ДНЦ РАН, Махачкала Региональный центр этнополитических исследований ДНЦ РАН, Махачкала, 2013 Kumykia was the main "granary of Dagestan". The important trade routes, such as one of the branches of the Great Silk Road, passed via Kumykia.Валерий Александрович Тишков, Вадим Александрович Александров -Народы России: энциклопедия Науч. изд-во Большая российская энциклопедия, 1994 — С.214

Regions of Kumykia

Shamkhalate, or Shawkhalate, or since the 16th century the Shamkhalate of Tarki ()Кумыкско-русский словарь (Къумукъча-орусча сёзлюк) Бамматова Б. Г. и Гаджиахмедова Н. Э. 2013, статья Шамхальство was a state that presumably formed around the 8th century and existed until the 19th century, in different forms, even though it disintegrated in the 16th century into several feudal entities.Шамхальство Тарковское в политике России на КавказевВ конце XVI в. – первой половине XVII, Абдусаламов Магомед-паша Балашович, Дагестанский государственный институт народного хозяйства, 2014Памятники тюркоязычной деловой переписки в Дагестане XVIII в., Гасан Оразаев, Махачкала: ИИАЭ ДНЦ РАН, 2002.-482 The ruler of Shamkhalate was considered the ruler of all of Dagestan and held the title of Vali of Dagestan.ЭСБЕ, статья Тарковское владение In the end of the 16th century Shamkhalate de facto was a part of the Ottoman Empire. Shamkhalat had vassal regions and political entities stretching to Balkaria, and was acknowledged throughout the Northern Caucasus.Шихалиев Д-М. Рассказ кумыка о кумыках. Часть 2.Газета Кавказ. Тифлис. 1848, № № 37–44 Since the 16th century the state had a major importance in Russian Tsardom's and then Empire's politics at its Southern borders, as it was the main obstacle in conquering the Caucasus and competing with Persians and Ottomans for regional dominance.Страница 58, 293 и другие. Белокуров С. А. Сношения России с Кавказом. — Выпуск 1-й. 1578—1613 гг. — М.: Университетская тип., 1889. — 715 с.

Shamkhal possession The possession of Shamkhal (, possession of the Shamkhal's dynastyН. И. Воронов, Сборник статистических сведений о Кавказе, Том I, стр. 7). The region which remained in direct subordination of the shamkhal even after disintegration of the 16th century, it was abolished in 1867. The Kumyks, who inhabited this area, had the name "Shamkhalian".Кумыки. Вторая половина XVII — первая половина XVIII века Дагестанское книжное издательство. 1998. — 152 с. Арсен Акбиев During the Caucasian War, several anti-Russian uprisings broke out in Shamkhalate. Shamkhal possession included several smaller semi-independent political entities:М.-П. Б. Абдусаламов Территория и население шамхальства Тарковского в трудах русских и западноевропейских авторов XVIII-XIX вв., стр. 10

Mekhtulu (or Dzhengutay) possession (, meaning "the possession of the Mahdi's dynasty") was formed as a result of secession from the Tarkovsky Shamkhalate in the 16th century.Абдусаламов Магомед-Паша — Кумыкские феодальные владения в политической жизни Дагестана в первой половине XVIII века". Махачкала, 2008. — стр.24–38.Памятная книжка Дагестанской области Авторы: Е. И. Козубский, 1895, Раздел 9, Темир-Хан-Шуринский округ It is known for the defeat of the army of the Afsharid Persian conqueror Nadir Shah in 1741, by the troops of the Ahmad-khan of Mekhtulu, in the Aymaki gorge near the Dzhengutay settlement.А. И. Тамай. К вопросу о провале дагестанской компании шаха Надира. Учёные записки ИИЯЛ. М-ла. 1958, т.5, с. 118—120. Bammatulu (, "the possession of the Bammat dynasty"), Erpeli and Karabudakhkent possessions were also formed as a result of secession from Tarki Shamkhalate in the 16th century.Кумыкские феодальные владения в контексте русско-иранского противоборства на Кавказе в 50-х гг. XVII в. [Текст] / Абдусаламов Магомед-Паша Балашович // Известия Российского государственного педагогического университета имени А. И. Герцена [Текст]. – СПб., 2014. – N 172. – С. 80–88.Бамматулинское владение в XVII — начале XIX в., 2010, КИН Атаев, Руслан Абдуллабекович Boynak (or Buinak) possession ()Арсен Акбиев Кумыки, Вторая половина XVII — первая половина XVIII века Дагестанское книжное издательство. 1998. — 152 с. Глава III. Управление кумыкскими феодальными владениями is a small biylik (beylik, meaning principality) and residing place of Yarym-Shamkhal (or Kyrym-Shamkhal, , meaning "Half/Side-Shamkhal"), with the center in the town of Boynak. This title was held by the heir of Shamkhalate throne (similar to the title of the Prince of Wales in the Great Britain).

Northern Kumykia Northern, or Zasulak (beyond-Sulak) Kumykia is located in the Terek-Sulak interfluve, covering Kumyk Plain and some of the adjacent territories.А. Л. Нарочницкий. И90 История народов Северного Кавказа (конец XVIII в. — 1917 г.). — М.: Наука, 1988, стр. 605Мансуров М.Х. Социально-экономическое развитие Засулакской Кумыкии во второй половине Х1Хв.: Диссертация канд. ист. наук. Махачкала, 1977 It gained a significant role, independently of Shamkalate, with the rise of Sultan Mahmud of Endirey, member of the Shamkhal's house, who created Endirey principality (), and who united numerous local peoples around the Kumyks in the fight against Russian expansion, which after the Battle of Karaman stopped, according to Karamzin, Russia's expansion in the Caucasus for more than a hundred years.Юсуп Идрисов. Засулакская линия Тарковского княжеского рода: судьба поколений//Генеалогия народов Кавказа: история и современность. — Владикавказ, 2013. Вып. IV. — C.111–118.Кумыки Вторая половина XVII — первая половина XVIII века Дагестанское книжное издательство. 1998.Акбиев А. С.. Начальный период деятельности Солтан-Мута (конец XVI — начало XVII вв.)//Материалы первой научной конференции, посвященной 460-летию Султан-Мута — сына Чопана шамхала Тарковского, основателя Эндиреевского владения. Махачкала, 2008

Apart from Endirey, other formations in the Zasulak Kumykia were the Aksay () and Kostek () principalities. The possessions of the Zasulak Shamklalian princes included such areas as Kachkalyk, Aukh and Salatavia. Kumyk princes settled some neighboring peoples, such as Chechens, in Zasulak Kumykia for the acceptance of certain obligations, including converting to Islam.Магомедов А. Р. Народы Дагестана. Махачкала, 2003. С. 63С. М. Броневский Новейшие географические и исторические известия о Кавказе: Часть II, Часть 2, стр. 176—177

For the most part of it, in the 19th century the territories of Zasulak Kumykia became part of Kumyk District of the Terek region, which, after the end of the Caucasian War transformed into the Khasavyurt District.Минатулаев К. А. Динамика численности и этнического состава населения Хасавюртовского округа (1867—1926)

Southern Kumykia Southern Kumykia designates territories of the Kumyk-populated lands south of the historical Shamkhal possession.Проблемы этнолокального своеобразия в фольклоре народов Дагестана. Махачкала, 2011. С.46–79.

The Utamysh Sultanate, or the Gamri possession (),Абдусаламов М.-П. Б. Кумыкские феодальные владения в политической жизни Дагестана в первой половине XVIII в. Махачкала, 2008. also seceded from Shawkhalat at the end of the 16th century. The principality is known for its strong resistance, led by Sultan Mahmud of Utamysh, against Peter I during his Persian campaign in 1722.Bruce P. H. Memoirs of Peter Henry Bruce, esq., a military officer in the services of Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain: Containing an account of his travels in Germany, Russia, Tartary, Turkey, the West-Indies… London, 1782.Походный журнал 1722 года. СПб., 1855 After the defeat by Peter I, the entity became a part of the possessions of the Kaitag Utsmiate. Sultan-Mahmud of Utamysh also participated in the wars of the Kumyks and Dagestanis against Nadir Shah, having won a number of victories against the Persian troops.Сапиюлла Багаутдинов — Ахмед-Хан Дженгутаевский — забытый герой Кавказа. Краеведческое общество «Анжи-Кала» — Махачкала, 2013. — 128 с. Lower Kaitag is a union of societies under the rule of Utsmi of Kaitag in the lower part of Kaitag Utsmiate. The main Kumyk settlements in the area were Bashly and Majalis, both serving as a capital of the Usmiate in different periods.

Terek Kumykia The Terek-Sunzha interfluve was also the domain of the Kumyk "biys".Первые русские крепости в междуречье Терека и Сунжи в 16–17 вв., Т. С. Магомадова, Вестник академии наук Чеченской республики, ISSN: 2070-2348, 2010 Areas populated by Terek Kumyks (that is Kumyks living along the river Terek) are historically associated with (also called Shamkhalian Tyumen),Гусейнов Г.-Р. А.-К. Тюменское княжество в контексте истории взаимоотношений Астраханского ханства и Кумыкского государства с Русским в XVI в. / Средневековые тюрко-татарские государства. — Казань, 2012. — С. 223—226. ,(1765 г. Кабардино-русские отношения. Т. П. — С. 215, 240) Golden Horde's Majar city and with Kuban steppes.Навширванов З. Ш. предварительные заметки о племенном составе тюркских народностей, пребывающих на юге России и в Крыму // Известия Таврического общества истории, археологии и этнографии. Симферополь. 1929. С.89. Now these territories are included into other parts of Russian Federation – Chechnya, North Ossetia, Ingushetia.

Early mentions of Kumykia One of the first mentions of Kumykia can be encountered in Arab sources. Arabic author Al-Masudi in the 10th century mentions the "Possession of Gumik". According to the famous British orientalist Henry Yule, Gumik corresponds to the area of settlement of the Kumyks south of the river Terek.Henry Yule. Cathay and the Way Thither, Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China – Asian Educational Services, 2005. Volume 1.

According to Plano Carpini, "Komuk" and "Tark" peoples were conquered by the Mongols. During Tamerlane's conquests in the 14th century his court historians mentioned "all lands of the Kumuks". Researchers of the Timurid period list among the names of the areas populated by Kumyks at the time such regions as "Bugaz-Kum", "Kazi-Kumuk (Gazi-Kumukluk)", "Mamuktu", Kaitag.Сборник материалов, относящихся к истории Золотой Орды, том II. Извлечения из персидских сочинений, собранные В. Г. Тизенгаузеном. М.-Л. АН СССР. 1941Бубенок Олег Борисович. Аланы-асы в Золотой Орде (XIII-XV вв.) / О. Б. Бубенок; Нац. акад. наук Украины, Ин-т востоковедения им. А. Крымского. – Киев : Истина, 2004. – 324 с.: ил., к.

In the 15–17th centuries diplomatic correspondence and documents of the Russian state used to mention Kumykia as "Kumyk land" ().Кушева Е. Н. Народы Северного Кавказа и их связи с Россией (вторая половина XVI – 30-е годы XVII века) / Утверждено Институтом истории АН СССР. — М.: Изд. АН СССР, 1963.

Sources about Kumykia

8th century