Magyaron, also MagyaronsGiuseppe Motta. Less than nations: Volume 1 and 2 : Central-Eastern European minorities after WWI. Cambridge Scholars Publishing; Unabridged edition (October 1, 2013)Marek Wojnar. Department of Central and Eastern Europe, Institute of Political Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences A minor ally or a minor enemy? The Hungarian issue in the political thought and activity of Ukrainian integral nationalists (until 1941)Martin Pekár et al. Ethnic minorities in Slovakia in the years 1918-1945. A survey (, ,Гісторыя Закарпацьця ў ХХ стагоддзі. Частка ІІ , ,R. Mayor, UKRAINIAN INTELLECTUALS AND CLERGY OF TRANSCARPATHIA AS OBJECTS OF THE MAGARIZATION POLICY IN THE LATE ХIХ – EARLY XX CENTURY ,Анна Плїшкова. Русиньскый язык на Словеньску (Короткый нарис історії і сучасности). Світовый конґрес Русинів. Пряшів 2008 Mozgawa, Konrad. Relacje rusińsko-ukraińskie u progu XX wieku. Rusini – Ukraińcy, czy odrębny naród?. Kraków : Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Pedagogicznego, 2019. - S. 469-487.Czasy Nowożytne. Periodyk poświęcony dziejom polskim i europejskim od XV do XX wieku. Tom VIII (IX) / 2000 [Stanisław Salmonowicz, przewodn. kom. red.] Toruń [etc.] 2000), is the name of a Transcarpathian ethno-cultural group,Olgerd Hippolyte Bochkovsky. Selected Works and Documents / Order: O. Hnatyuk, M. Chek. National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy; Center for the Study of the History and Culture of Eastern European Jews; Center for European Humanities Research. - Volume II. - K .: Ukraine Modern, SPIRIT AND LITERATURE, 2018. - 976 p. - (Ukraine: Europe: 1921-1939) which has an openly Hungarian orientation.Jarnecki M. THE ROAD TO NATIONAL IDENTITY: SUBCARPATHIAN RUS ON THE EVE OF WWI AND IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD Sprawy Narodowościowe They renounced their native language, culture and religion and promoted Magyarization of the Rusyn and Ukrainian population.Andrew Chutky. History of Ukraine. Kyiv: MAUP, 2006 . The Magyarons did not embrace the Ukrainian identity of the Ruthenians in Carpathian Ruthenia but maintained their separate Rusyn identity. From 1920 to 1940, the group promoted the idea of rejoining Subcarpathian Rus' to Hungary,Hungary – Social and economic developments". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-20.Przemystaw Piotr Zurawski vel Grajewski. Sprawa ukrainska na konferencji pokojowej w Paryzu w roku 1919 where about 185 000 ethnic Hungarians lived at the time.
History The term "Magyaron" and "Magyaronian", was used as a political pejorative term for pro-Hungarians, associated with national betrayal or treason, originated in the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century in Ruthenian environments and was used to describe magyarized Ruthenians, loyal to the Hungarian state.Rostislav Mayor. Features of the mentality of Ukrainians in Transcarpathia (mid XIX - early XX centuries). Scientific works of the Kamyanets-Podilsky National University named after Ivan Ogienko. Historical sciences. Volume 24
Magyarization conducted by Hungarian authorities were a principal factor in the emergence of the Magyarons,Philip Lyon. After empire : ethnic Germans and minority nationalism in interwar Yugoslavia. 2008Michał Jarnecki. Droga do identyfikacji narodowej. Stosunki narodowościowe na Rusi Zakarpackiej w przededniu I wojny światowej i w okresie międzywojennym. Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk. 2005 but the Ruthenians were historically pro-Hungarian and sided with Rákóczi in Rákóczi's War of Independence. In fact, Ruthenians enjoyed collective privileges in the kingdom by law, which the Hungarians refused to abolish even against the wishes of Vienna. In Hungarian society, the knowledge of German, Latin, or Hungarian (or in some regions Croatian) was a criterion to obtain education, occupy a high position and enjoy career advancement, or simply have means of subsistence.Shandor, V. Transcarpathia: historical and legal essay from the XI century. till 1920. / . — New York: Carpathian Union, 1992. — P. 97Smiian, P. The revolutionary and national-liberation movement in Transcarpathia of late XIX — early XX century. . – L.: Publisher of L'viv university, 1968. — 208 p.
In time of Ukrainian Revolution, the Magyarons conducted activities against the accession of Transcarpathia to West Ukrainian People's Republic.
During World War II, Magyarons worked closely with the Hungarian government, attacked the Sichovyks (soldiers of Carpathian Sich) and participated in torture and shootings of them.Угорський терор в Карпатській Україні навесні 1939 року
Pro-Hungarian sentiment ended after the Czechoslovak government imposed Slovakization on the people.
Hungarian-Rusyn People's Council On November 9, 1918, in Ungvár (now Uzhhorod, Ukraine), the "Hungarian-Rusyn People's Council" was formed by the Magyarons, headed by the canon of the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Munkács, Simeon Sabov (1863–1929). The Hungarian-Rusyn People's Council adopted the "Memorandum", which stated that the Hungarian-Rusyn people would join their homeland, Hungary, and advocated for the integrity of its territory.Гай-Нижник П., Яремчук В. На шляху до Української державності в Закарпатті // Збірник наукових праць НДІ українознавства. Київ, 2008. Т. ХХІІ. С. 300—319.
The main pro-Hungarian party in Transcarpathia was the Autonomous Agrarian Union (Hungarian: Kárpátaljai Földműves Szövetség), founded in 1924 by Ivan Fedorovich Kurtyak.Minority Hungarian Communities in the Twentieth Century. Social Science Monographs, Boulder, Colorado – Atlantic Research and Publications, Inc., Highland Lakes, New Jersey, 2011, 859. (Atlantic Studies on Society in Change 138.) Eds. Bárdi Nándor, Fedinec Csilla, Szarka László This party was called "Kurtyakiv", and its followers were called kurtyakivtsi.Gyrya V. I. ACTIVATION OF THE PROHGORIAN INTERVIEW IN TRANSCARPATHY IN 1920s It fought for autonomy and nurtured the Carpathian Ruthenian-Hungarian alliance and relations with Hungary.
The KFSZ bombarded the government in Prague to give land to the people of Transcarpathia and defended the interests of the Ruthenian and Hungarian peasantry during the land reform. The self-determinism of Transcarpathia was also emphasised in the Hungarian press. Its leader, who was also the first prime minister of Transcarpathia (Podkarpatská Rus) Andry Brody (Bródy András) was imprisoned by the Czechoslovak authorities in Pankrác. Brody believed that minority nations could be part of the unified Hungarian nation-body (nemzettest). In 1939 Hungary regained some of the territory, after which crowds protested for his release. He arrived back in Uzhhorod (originally Ungvár) on the 5th of March, where thousands of Hungarians and Ruthenians were waiting for his arrival. They welcomed him with these words: "Welcome to our beautiful Hungary. Long live Bródy, long live the Hungarian-Ruthenian brotherhood!"
See also Hungarians in Slovakia Little Russian identity Bródy András
Greater Hungary Magyarization Slovakization
References
Sources Довідник з історії України
Further reading