Zaporizhzhia, formerly known as Aleksandrovsk or Oleksandrivsk until 1921, is a city in southeast Ukraine, situated on the banks of the Dnieper River. It is the administrative centre of Zaporizhzhia Oblast. Zaporizhzhia has a population of
Zaporizhzhia is known for the historic island of Khortytsia, multiple power stations and for being an important industrial centre. Steel, aluminium, aircraft engines, automobiles, transformers for substations, and other heavy industrial goods are produced in the region.
Names and etymology The name Zaporizhzhia refers to the position of the city: "beyond the rapids"—downstream or south of the Dnieper Rapids. These were previously an impediment to navigation and the site of important portages. In 1932, the rapids were flooded to become part of the reservoir of the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station.Pospelov, pp. 25–26
Before 1921, the city was called Aleksandrovsk (or Oleksandrivsk), named after the original fortress that formed a part of the Dnieper Defence Line of the Russian Empire.
History
Zaporizhzhia was founded in 1770, when the Aleksandrovskaya () Fortress was built as a part of the Dnieper Defence Line, to protect the southern territories of the Russian Empire from Crimean Tatar invasions.Я. П. Новицкий. История города Александровска, (Екатеринославской губ.) в связи с историей возникновения крепостей Днепровской линии 1770–1806 г. – Екатеринослав: Типография Губернского Земства, 1905. – 176 с. Following the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca in 1775, the southern lands of the East European Plain and the Crimean peninsula were absorbed into the Russian Empire. The Aleksandrovskaya Fortress then lost its military significance, and became a small rural town, which from 1806 to around 1930 was called Alexandrovsk.
The opening of the Kichkas Bridge at the start of the 20th century, the first rail crossing of the Dnieper, was followed by the industrial growth of Zaporizhzhia.The bridges of Zaporizhzhia (Мосты Запорожья) , by L. Adelberg (Адельберг Л), pub RA Tandem st, Zaporizhzhia, 2005. In 1916, during World War I, the DEKA Stock Association transferred its aircraft engine manufacturing plant from Saint Petersburg to Zaporizhzhia.Official Portal Zaporizhzhia city authorities, History (Офіційний портал, Запорізької міської влади, Історія міста) , accessed 11 April 2011.
During the Ukrainian War of Independence and Russian Civil War (19171921), Zaporizhzhia was the scene of fierce fighting between the Red Army and the White armies of Denikin and Wrangel, Petliura's Ukrainian People's Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic, and German-Austrian troops. The opposing armies used the strategically important Kichkas Bridge to transfer troops, ammunition, and medical supplies. Afterwards, it became the capital of the newly formed Zaporizhzhia Governorate of Ukraine.
The Soviet government industrialized Zaporizhzhia still further during the 1920s and 1930s, when the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station, and the Zaporizhzhia Steel Plant, and the Dnieper Aluminium Plant were built.Меерович М. Г. Соцгород – базовое понятие советской градостроительной теории первых пятилеток In the 1930s, the American United Engineering and Foundry Company built a strip mill similar to the Ford River Rouge steel mill to produce rolling steel strip. The annual capacity of the mill reached of wide steel.The Soviet economy and the Red Army, 1930–1945, by Walter Scott Dunn, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995 , page 13.
World War II (1941–1945)
After the outbreak of the War between the USSR and Nazi Germany in June 1941, the Soviet government began evacuating Zaporizhzhia's industries to Siberia. and the Soviet security forces began shooting political prisoners in the city.Germany and the Second World War, Volume IV The Attack on the Soviet Union, by Horst Boog, Jürgen Förster, Joachim Hoffmann, Ernst Klink, Rolf-Dieter Müller, Gerd R. Ueberschär, pub Clarendon Press, 1998, , p. 909. On 18 August 1941, elements of the German 1st Panzergruppe reached the outskirts of Zaporizhzhia on the right bank and seized the island of Khortytsia.
The Red Army blew a hole in the Dnieper hydroelectric dam on 18 August 1941, producing a flood wave that swept from Zaporizhzhia to Nikopol. The flood killed local residents as well as soldiers from both armies, with historians estimating a death toll between 20,000 and 100,000.Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty , Ukrainian Activists Draw Attention To Little-Known WWII Tragedy , by Dmytro Moroz and Claire Bigg, 23 August 2013. Despite reinforcements, Zaporizhzhia was taken on 3 October 1941.Germany and the Second World War, Volume IV The Attack on the Soviet Union, p. 607, says that Zaporizhzhia was captured on 1 October 1941. The German occupation lasted two years; during which the Germans shot over 35,000 people, and sent 58,000 people to Germany as forced labourers.
The Germans reformed Army Group South in February 1943, and put its headquarters in Zaporizhzhia.Lost Victories, by Field Marshal Eric von Manstein, translated by Anthony G Powell, pdf version p267-270. Adolf Hitler visited the headquarters in February 1943, and again the following month, where he was briefed by Field Marshal Eric von Manstein and his air force counterpart Field Marshal Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen, and in September 1943,Lost Victories, by Field Marshal Eric von Manstein, pdf version p290-2. the month the Army Group moved its headquarters to Kirovohrad.Lost Victories, by Field Marshal Eric von Manstein, says that the Germans finished repairing the railway bridge only a few months before they lost the city in October 1943.
In August 1943, the Germans built the Panther-Wotan defence line along the Dnieper from Kyiv to Crimea. They retreated back to this line in September 1943, holding the city as a bridgehead over the Dnieper with elements of 40th Panzer and 17th Corps. The Soviet Southwestern Front, commanded by Army General Rodion Malinovsky, attacked Zaporizhzhia on 10 October 1943. The defenders repelled these attacks, but the Red Army launched a surprise night attack on 13 October, which succeeded in reclaiming most parts of the city.Moscow-Stalingrad-Berlin-Prague, Memories of Army Commander ("Москва-Сталінград-Берлін-Прага". Записки командарма) , by Dmitri Danilovich Lelyushenko (Лелюшенко Дмитро Данилович), pub Nauka, Moscow, 1987, chapter 4.
1991–present
In 2004, to alleviate congestion around the Zaporizhzhia Arch Bridge area, construction began on the New Zaporizhzhia Dniper Bridge, although construction was halted soon after it began, due to a lack of funding.
Russo-Ukrainian War During the 2014 Euromaidan regional state administration occupations, during protests against President Viktor Yanukovych, Zaporizhzhia's regional state administration building was occupied by 4,500 protesters, and there were clashes between Ukrainian and pro-Russian activists in April 2014.
On 19 May 2016, the Verkhovna Rada approved the "Decommunisation Law".Poroshenko signed the laws about decommunization . Ukrainska Pravda. 15 May 2015Poroshenko signs laws on denouncing Communist, Nazi regimes , Interfax-Ukraine. 15 May 20Goodbye, Lenin: Ukraine moves to ban communist symbols , BBC News (14 April 2015) Since the introduction of the law, the Zaporizhzhia City Council has renamed over 50 streets and administrative areas of the city, monuments of the Soviet Union leaders Lenin and Felix Dzerzhinsky have been destroyed, and names honouring Soviet leaders in the titles of industrial plants, factories, culture centres, and the DniproHES have been removed. In Zaporizhzhia began to "dekomunize" DniproGES , Radio Free Europe (4 April 2016)
Russian invasion (2022)
Russian forces have been engaged in ongoing attacks on Zaporizhzhia since the beginning of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. On 27 February, fighting was reported in the southern outskirts, and Russian forces began shelling the city later that evening. Russia invaded and occupied part of Zaporizhzhia Oblast but failed to take Zaporizhzhia itself. On 3 March, Russian forces approached the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant, raising concerns about a potential nuclear meltdown."Update 1-Ukraine nuclear power plant Zaporizhzhia on fire, town mayor says". Reuters. 4 March 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022. Russian military forces fired missiles on Zaporizhzhia on the evening of 12/13 May.
On 30 September, hours before Russia formally annexed Southern and Eastern Ukraine, the Russian Armed Forces launched S-300 missiles at a civilian convoy in Zaporizhzhia, killing at least 30 people. On 9 October, Russian forces launched rockets at residential buildings, killing at least 17 people.
Geography Zaporizhzhia is located in south-eastern Ukraine. The Dnieper splits the city in two; between them is Khortytsia Island. The city covers at an elevation of above sea level. The New and Old Dnieper flow past around Khortytsia: The is about wide while the is about wide. The island size is . Smaller rivers in the city also enter the Dnieper: and , , and .
The flora of Khortytsia is unique and diverse, due to the dry steppe air and a large freshwater basin, which cleans the air polluted by industry. The island is a national park. The ground surface is cut by large ravines (""), hiking routes and historical monuments. The island, which is a popular recreational area, has sanatoriums, resorts, health centres, and sandy beaches.
Climate
Governance
Zaporizhzhia is the main city of Zaporizhzhia Oblast with a form of self-rule within the oblast. The city is divided into 7 urban districts.
+ Population of the districts of the city of Zaporizhzhia as of 1 November 2015Головне управління статистики в Запорізькій області — Чисельність населення м. Запоріжжя на 1 листопада 2015 року] No. Raion Population Percent of Total 1 Oleksandrivskyi 68,666 9.06 2 Zavodskyi 50,750 6.7 3 Kosmichnyi 133,752 17.64 4 Dniprovskyi 135,934 17.95 5 Voznesenivskyi 101,349 13.37 6 Khortytskyi 115,641 15.27 7 Shevchenkivskyi 151,558 20.0
Demographics
City population
The city population has been declining since the first years of state independence. In 2014–2015 the rate of the population decrease was −0.56%/year.
In January 2017, the population was 750,685. The total reduction of the population of the city since independence has been around 146,000 (not including 2017–2018).
Year Population Source178132917951,23018042,50018241,71618593,10018613,819Collection of scientific works of graduate students (Збiрник наукових праць аспірантів), by T H Shevchenka, pub Vyd-vo Kyïvsʹkoho University, 1963, p87 gives the 1861 population as 3,729. 18644,35418704,60118856,707189416,100189716,393 Year Population Source190024,196 1902 35,000 191038,000191363,000 1915 about 60,000 1916 72,900 1917 58,517 1971 676,000 1979 781,000 1989 897,600 1991 896,600 2001 815,300 2010 776,918 2011 775,678 2015 757,650 2017 750,685
Ethnic structure According to the 2001 census, 70.28% of the population of Zaporizhzhia (total population 815,300) were Ukrainians, 25.39% were Russians, 0.67% were Belarusians, 0.44% were Bulgarians, 0.42% were Jews, 0.38% were Georgians, 0.38% were Armenians, 0.27% were Tatar, 0.15% were Azeris, 0.11% were Roma (Gypsies), 0.1% were Poles, 0.09% were Germans, 0.09% were Moldovans, and 0.07% were Greeks.
Language
Ukrainian is used for official government business. The native language of people living in Zaporizhzhia, according to censuses in Ukraine (by percent): Language 1897192619892001 Ukrainian43.033.841.341.6 Russian24.852.257.056.8 Yiddish27.89.70.1
Religion
The following religious denominations are present in Zaporizhzhia:
Christianity Orthodoxy: Most citizens are Orthodox Christians of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) or Orthodox Church of Ukraine. Among the Orthodox churches the which is under the Moscow Patriarchate, is most popular. There are also St. Nicholas Church and St. Andrew's Cathedral in the city.