The Kobyzewicz family (Polish, also: Kobyziewiczowie; Russian: Кобызевичи, Ukrainian: Кобизевичі) was a boyar family of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 16th—17th centuries. The family's cadet branch, Kobyzewicz-Krynicki, received the status of the Polish szlachta. The family was known for their active role in the history of Kyiv. The Kobyzewicz family is claimed to be paternal to the Lyzohub family of the Cossack Hetmanate.
History
It is currently unknown where exactly the Kobyzewicz family hailed from. The family was based near Mozyr (modern Belarus) in the late 15th century. In the early 1500s, two brothers, boyars Fyodor (the elder) and Ivan Kobyzewicz, inherited a landed estate (‘a third of Bokowszczina, the folwarks of Poszkowszczina and Czortkowszczina’Владимир АНТОНОВИЧ. КИЕВСКИЕ ВОЙТЫ ХОДЫКИ Эпизод из истории городского самоуправления в Киеве в XVI — XVII ст.// http://litopys.org.ua/anton/ant09.htm), which was to pass to Fyodor Kobyzewicz under majorat. The younger brother, Ivan, had to move out. After having stayed at Mozyr for some time, he moved to Kyiv, where were based some of his relations, including an old boyar of Kyiv Pechersk Monastery also named Ivan Kobyzewicz.Тупиков Н.М. Словарь древнерусских личных собственных имён. Русский путь, 2004. С. 575. Upon arriving in Kyiv, around the 1520s, Ivan Kobyzewicz made a contribution to Kyiv Pechersk Monastery for his late kinsmen to be commemorated in its earliest known synodik, under the name of Ivan Kobyzev from Mozyr'Голубев С.Т. Древний помянник Киево-Печерской лавры (конца XV и начала XVI столетия). Киев, 1892. С. 36.. His commemoration list gives names of 41 relatives, including a few clerics (3 ascetics (schema monks), two monks and one priest) and some Prince Mikhail'. All of them were Orthodox Christians.
Volodymyr Antonovych, a 19th-century Ukrainian historian, argued that the family was descended from a Tatar named Kobyz, who was supposedly captured by Duke Vytautas in the battle of Kulikovo (1380) and put in the Castle of Mozyr. However, the castle at Mozyr was first mentioned only in 1519, while a wooden stronghold (detinets) appeared in its place in the late 15th century.Прокопчук А. Полоцк – Лiтва – Rzeczpospolita – Беларусь. Это наше, здесь мы беларусы. Книга вторая. Исторический коллаж. Эл. книга. Litres, 1 мар. 2018 г. V. Antonowicz did not provide any reference to documented sources, but based his assumptions solely on his association of the family's name with the Turkic musical instrument kobyz. The historian was not aware that the family had any branch other than the Mozyr one. Currently, a more comprehensive study on the family has been provided by the Ukrainian historian Natalya Bilous.Наталiя Бiлоус. Багатоликі" Ходики: до генеалогії київського роду XVI - першої половини XVII ст. // Генеалогія : Зб. наук. пр. / Голова редкол. В.А. Смолій; упоряд. В.В. Томазов. - К. : Вид. дім Простір, 2013. - Вип. І.
Later on, former Mozyr boyar Ivan Kobyzewicz became a merchant. He had two sons: Ustin, nicknamed Fiz, and Bogdan,БІЛОУС, НАТАЛІЯ. Тестаменти киян середини XVI – першоï половини XVII століття. Киïв, Видавничий дім “Простір”, 2011. С 118, 121. both involved in trade. Ustin Fiz Kobyzewicz (d. 1578) was the first in the family to have become a member of the upper chamber (rada) of the Kyiv city council (magistrat) (1564—1578).Наталiя Бiлоус. Багатоликі" Ходики: до генеалогії київського роду XVI - першої половини XVII ст. // Генеалогія : Зб. наук. пр. / Голова редкол. В.А. Смолій; упоряд. В.В. Томазов. - К. : Вид. дім Простір, 2013. - Вип. І. - С. 73.
In the 1550s, Fyodor Kobyzewicz also moved to Kyiv where he was engaged in trade. In 1557 he returned to Mozyr where he lived on his estate until his death in 1569.Наталiя Бiлоус. Багатоликі" Ходики: до генеалогії київського роду XVI - першої половини XVII ст. // Генеалогія : Зб. наук. пр. / Голова редкол. В.А. Смолій; упоряд. В.В. Томазов. - К. : Вид. дім Простір, 2013. - Вип. І. - С. 72. After his death, the estate passed down to his elder son, Kuzma, while all the rest, including his widow, Sofia, were left with small inheritance, mainly movable property. It stirred up a bitter conflict in the family. Soon, the second son, Wasily Kobyzewicz, while his brother Kuzma was absent on his service in Kyiv, robbed the estate and took away everything of value Then, together with his brother Fyodor, he moved to Kyiv.
In Kyiv, brothers Wasily and Fyodor Kobyzewicz established themselves amongst the local elite and started the new branch nicknamed Chodyka-Krynicki'. As for their nickname, Chodyka (also spelled as Hodyka) N. Bilous connects it to a different Kyivan family that died out during the plague of 1572. At the same time, she points out that their father, boyar Fyodor Kobyzewicz was already known by this nickname in Kyiv. According to the historian, hodyka meant "a newcomer".
According to V. Antonowicz, in 1572, during plague, Wasily Kobyzewicz (d. 1616) saved the daughter of the local wealthy merchant, Efrosinia Mitkovna, left alone with her little brother after their parents’ death. Soon they married, and Wasily Kobyzewicz became the guardian of a large fortune.Наталiя Бiлоус. Багатоликі" Ходики: до генеалогії київського роду XVI - першої половини XVII ст. // Генеалогія : Зб. наук. пр. / Голова редкол. В.А. Смолій; упоряд. В.В. Томазов. - К. : Вид. дім Простір, 2013. - Вип. І. - С. 74. However, in the will of her mother, Tatyana Kruglikovna, dated by July 7, 1572, it says that she had more surviving children, and who died where actually her husband and son, Konsha. She left most of her possessions to her elder married daughter Olena, son Fyodor (she had one more son thus named), and grandson Mikhail.БІЛОУС, НАТАЛІЯ. Тестаменти киян середини XVI – першоï половини XVII століття. Киïв, Видавничий дім “Простір”, 2011. С 108 What she left to her other daughter Efrosinia and her husband Wasily Kobyzewicz was "Zankovskaya warehouse at the Kyiv marketplace and two silver chalices", as well as a fur coat, a few gowns, pearls and jewells.БІЛОУС, НАТАЛІЯ. Тестаменти киян середини XVI – першоï половини XVII століття. Киïв, Видавничий дім “Простір”, 2011. С 109. Moreover, by the testament, in case her son Fyodor died, all he inherited was to go to either of two sons-in-law, Ignaty Bogdanowicz Malikowicz (husband of her elder daughter) or Wasily Kobyzewicz.
In the 1570s, Wasily Kobyzewicz seized the estates of Burgomaster Andrey Koszkoldeewicz (the father-in-law of his brother Fyodor) by court action: Basan and Bykov. In 1586 he purchased the village of Krenichi, near Kyiv, since when this branch of the Kobyzewicz family acquired the name of Krenicki, also spelled as Krynicki. Wasily Kobyzewicz-Krynicki was the owner of multiple estates near Kyiv and Chernigov,Київ наприкінці ХV - у першій половині ХVІІ століття. Міська влада і самоврядування : монография / Н. Білоус, 2008. С. 161. including two towns. However, Bykov was then an empty land where in the ancient Rus there was a stronghold. In 1605 he received a patent from King Sigismund III Vasa allowing him to build a town and a castle there and launch trade.Акты, относящиеся к истории Западной России. Т2. С-Петербург, 1865. С.32-33.
On March 27, 1589, at Warsaw General Sejm, brothers Wasily, Fyodor and Iev Kobyzewicz received the status of polish szlachta and a coat-of-arms for participation in the war with Muscovy of 1578—1581 during the reign of King Stefan Batory.Наталія Білоус. Привілей на шляхетство киянам Ходикам-Кобизевичам 1589 р.//Сфрагістичний щорічник. – К., 2012. – Вип. 2. – С. 297-302. W. Antonowicz claimed they Wasily Kobyzewicz faked this fact by stating that they were involved in trade in Kyiv at this time. However, the Russian State Archive of Ancient acts has documents according to which Mozyr ziemianin Wasily Kobyzewicz sent two mounted servants to the troops, which was the privilege of Lithuanian and Polish landed gentry who did not wish to perform military service themselves.
The right for the status of szlachta (the family originated from the boyars) was challenged by Janusz Ostogski, who in association with the assistant of the Kyivan voivode and later the judge of the Kyiv Powiat, Jan Aksak, sued Wasily Kobyzewicz twice in 1609 and in 1615, in order to take over his estates by proving that his nobility was fabricated and accusing him of a murder.Київ наприкінці ХV - у першій половині ХVІІ століття. Міська влада і самоврядування : монография / Н. Білоус, 2008. С. 152. Yet, the Kobyzewicz-Krynicki family was officially confirmed as szlachta and their coat-of-arms was listed in the heraldic books, such as Poczet Herbow Szlachty by Wacław Potocki published in 1696.
In 1609 Wasily Kobyzewicz became the treasurer (skarbnik) of the Kyiv Powiat.Наталiя Бiлоус. Багатоликі" Ходики: до генеалогії київського роду XVI - першої половини XVII ст. // Генеалогія : Зб. наук. пр. / Голова редкол. В.А. Смолій; упоряд. В.В. Томазов. - К. : Вид. дім Простір, 2013. - Вип. І. - С. 75.
Fyodor Kobyzewicz was a member of the upper chamber (rada) of the Kyiv city council in 1587–1601.Київ наприкінці ХV - у першій половині ХVІІ століття. Міська влада і самоврядування : монография / Н. Білоус, 2008. С. 124. In 1612 he was elected Vogt of Kyiv.Наталiя Бiлоус. Багатоликі" Ходики: до генеалогії київського роду XVI - першої половини XVII ст. // Генеалогія : Зб. наук. пр. / Голова редкол. В.А. Смолій; упоряд. В.В. Томазов. - К. : Вид. дім Простір, 2013. - Вип. І. - С. 77. The office of vogt in Kyiv was permanent and occupied until death. He was an active advocate of taxing the city residents to maintain the fortress. He had provided many new privileges for the city, i.e. the free use of surrounding woods, the free fishing on the Dniepr and its tributaries, annulment of the obligation to report to the royal inspectors for the income received from taverns. However, as an Uniat he was opposed by the anti-Polish party. In 1625 a few Cossack troops attacked the city. Fyodor Kobyzewicz together with some other officials was kidnapped and drowned in the Dnieper river near the village of Tripolie.
His son, Josef Kobyzewicz-Krynicki, was the vogt of Kyiv in 1633–1641.Наталiя Бiлоус. Багатоликі" Ходики: до генеалогії київського роду XVI - першої половини XVII ст. // Генеалогія : Зб. наук. пр. / Голова редкол. В.А. Смолій; упоряд. В.В. Томазов. - К. : Вид. дім Простір, 2013. - Вип. І. - С. 78. He acquired three significant privileges for Kyiv: the free trade, the right to elect the vogt, liberation from the trial by the voivode and the establishment of the trial by the vogt. His younger brother, Andrzei, was the vogt of Kyiv in 1644–1651. As the vogt, he had to persecute those suspected in collaboration with the Cossacks. As a result, he was threatened his office and even his life. In 1651 he abandoned the city with Hetman Janusz Radziwill.
In 1652 the widow of Fyodor Kobyzewicz-Krynicki, Anna Sadkowska-Krynicka (daughter of Wacław (Stanisław) Sadkowski, Greek-Catholic (Uniat) suffragan bishop of Kyiv in 1616 - 1626Nataliia Sinkevych. Kijowski sobor Sofijski w okresie unickim (1596–1633) // Studia o kulturze cerkiewnej w dawnej Rzeczypospolitej / Redakcja Agnieszka Gronek, Alicja Z. Nowak. Kraków 2016. S. 5 (85).), escaped from Basan to Volhynia with her children. On their way their train was robbed by a Cossack gang of 500 men. The Cossacks killed their servants and stole all the values and property documents. However, later, Hetman Ivan Vyhovsky returned 'the Basan castle and the volost' to the family.Католический священник серб хорват Юрий Крижаничь: По вновь открытым свѣдѣниям об нем. П. Безсонова. Университет. тип. Катков и Ко, 1870. C. 35.
Coats-of-arms Kobyzewicz family arms