Early parliamentary elections were held in Timor-Leste on 12 May 2018 after the National Parliament was dissolved by President Francisco Guterres on 26 January 2018.Nobel laureate blasts East Timor’s failure against poverty The Washington Post, 16 April 2018
The Alliance for Change and Progress (AMP), a coalition of three opposition parties, won an absolute majority of 34 of the 65 seats in Parliament. Voter turnout was 81 percent, five percentage points higher than the previous year. 784,286 people were eligible to vote.
Background
In the 2017 parliamentary elections there was no clear winner, with the Fretilin party of Mari Alkatiri holding only one more seat than the National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction led by Xanana Gusmão. After the Kmanek Haburas Unidade Nasional Timor Oan (KHUNTO) backed out at short notice, Alkatiri formed a minority government with the Democratic Party,Political deadlock augurs ill for Timor Leste Asia Times, 9 January 2018 which held only 30 of the 65 seats in the National Parliament. The opposition parties National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction (CNRT), People's Liberation Party (PLP) and KHUNTO then formed the Alliance for Change and Progress (AMP) in parliament.
After Alkatiri was unable to push through his budget or the government program against the AMP, the AMP asked President Francisco Guterres to give the coalition the mandate to form a new government. Instead, after talks with representatives of all parties and amidst political deadlock, Guterres dissolved Parliament on 26 January 2018 (Presidential Decree No. 5/2018) and called early elections in accordance with the wishes of Fretilin and PD.President of Timor-Leste: , retrieved on 4 January 2023East Timor president dissolves Parliament to hold new elections Straits Times, 26 January 2018 The bypassing of the parliamentary majority by President Guterres was judged by commentators and state scholars as an "attack on democracy". He and Alkatiri were accused of "stubbornness" and "arrogance". The prime minister would break the law just to be able to stay in power.
The end of the border dispute between Australia and Timor-Leste came in the period between the dissolution of parliament and the new election. Xanana Gusmão, the leader of the CNRT, as Timor-Leste's chief negotiator, had been able to successfully conclude a new treaty on the border in the Timor Sea. On 6 March 2018, he was given a triumphant reception by thousands of East Timorese on his return to Dili.
Electoral system On 7 February 2018 President Guterres set the election date for 12 May. On 3 April, the order of parties and alliances on the ballot paper was determined.SAPO: , Retrieved on 4 January 2023 As in the previous elections in 2017, East Timorese living abroad were able to vote there. Polling stations were located in Lisbon, Porto, Darwin, Sydney, Melbourne, London, Oxford, Dungannon and Seoul.La’o Hamutuk: List of polling stations, Retrieved on 4 January 2023
The 65 members of the National Parliament were elected from a single nationwide constituency by closed list proportional representation. Parties were required to have a woman in at least every third position in their list. Seats were allocated using the d'Hondt method with the last seat, in the case of several equal maximum numbers, being awarded to the party with the fewest votes. (PDF; 812 kB) and (Portuguese; PDF; 173 kB), retrieved on 2023 With seats allocated at an electoral threshold of four percent.Electoral system Inter-Parliamentary UnionFourth amendment to the Law on Election of the National Parliament CNE
As in previous elections, once voters had voted, they were marked on their finger with a purple, non-washable ink to prevent double voting. The 4000 bottles of ink were purchased through the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) at a cost of $110,000. Transport costs were added to this.
Parties and alliances
On 26 January the AMP and the Forum of National Democracy (FDN), an alliance () of several small parties that are not represented in parliament, concluded an agreement to unite the forces of the twelve parties in the upcoming elections. On 1 February 2018, the three parties of the AMP officially decided to work together in the election campaign as well. For this purpose, the alliance was renamed Alliance for Change and Progress. In a declaration of intent, it was agreed to contest the election with a joint list and to form a coalition after the election. Other forces, such as the FDN, would also be free to join the AMP. Fretilin and PD also agreed to cooperate in the election campaign. However, a joint list was ruled out by Alkatiri. With the Frenti Dezenvolvimentu Demokratiku (FDD), the parties Democratic Unity Development Party (PUDD), Frenti-Mudança (FM), Timorese Democratic Union (UDT) and Party of National Development (PDN) founded another alliance on 11 December 2017.
In March 2018 the FDN disintegrated. Parts of it formed the Social Democratic Movement (MSD), others the National Development Movement (MDN). Finally, the Comissão Nacional de Eleições announced that it would allow a total of four coalitions to stand for election: AMP, MSD, MDN and FDD. If the parties received the same number of votes in the new elections as in 2017, the AMP would get 33 seats and thus an absolute majority of seats. Fretilin would get 21 seats, the PD six and the FDD, whose members were not previously represented in parliament, a total of five seats. The other alliances would be below the four-percent hurdle even with a combined vote total.
In addition to the four party alliances, four parties contested the election: Fretilin and PD, the two governing parties previously represented in parliament, as well as Republican Party (PR) and Hope of the Fatherland Party (PEP). The list of candidates participating in the election had to be published on 1 January. The list of candidates participating in the election had to be confirmed by the Timor-Leste Supreme Court of Justice on 1 April. Appeals against the decision could still be lodged until 4 April. An appeal will be lodged in April. At the end of March, it was reported that the Klibur Oan Timor Asuwain (KOTA), which did not run in 2017, and the Timorese Social Democratic Association (ASDT), which was not allowed to run at the time, had registered. However, the two parties no longer appeared on the lists published on 3 April.STAE posting on Facebook: Lista definitiva de candidatos à eleição parlamentar 2018, 3 April 2018, Retrieved on 3 April 2018.
The parties remaining in the FDN, Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste Party PDRT, Millennium Democratic Party PMD (both formerly in the Bloku Unidade Popular BUP alliance) and People's Party of Development PDP, made an election appeal in favour of the AMP.Picture from an election rally in Same, 18 April 2018., retrieved on 18 April 2018. The Timorese Democratic Party (PTD), which had run in 2017, also did not take part in the 2018 election. The registered parties People's Party of Timor (PPT), National Unity Party (PUN), Timor-Leste National Republic Party (PARENTIL), Timorese Labor Party (PTT), Liberal Party (PDL), and Timorese Nationalist Party (PNT) did not take part in 2017.
Campaign
On 9 April, the parties and alliances signed a "Pact of National Unity", committing themselves to peaceful elections. The hot phase of the election campaign officially began on 10 April and ended on 9 May. After that, no more election campaign events were allowed to take place. The mood in the election campaign was generally very charged. The importance of social networks, such as Facebook, over traditional media continued to increase compared to previous elections, but this led to problems. Information was spread as well as insults, defamation and threats against politicians and traditional leaders. In the run-up to the official election campaign, the police arrested several people accused of insulting politicians. However, East Timorese criminal law does not provide for consequences for defamation, so those arrested were released. The tone on social networks did not change. There was also criticism that even journalists were spreading false news via social networks and thus causing resentment in society.
On 5 May, two vehicles carrying 18 CNRT supporters were attacked in Viqueque, injuring several of the travellers. Marí Alkatiri apologized for the attack on behalf of Fretilin, but the NGO Fundasaun Mahein criticised the lack of measures to prevent such attacks. Moreover, the competition between the parties had been dominated by violent language, with party members commonly referred to as militants. In Laga, according to AMP reports, there were also attacks on their supporters. On the other hand, there were some anti-Muslim statements, which was directed against Alkatiri, who is of Hadhrami origin.
It was striking that the parties largely used figures from the independence struggle as figureheads for their campaigns. The AMP made special reference to the fact that its leaders Xanana Gusmão and Taur Matan Ruak came from the armed resistance in the country, while the Fretilin leaders Alkatiri and José Ramos-Horta spent the Indonesian occupation period (1975-1999) abroad on the "diplomatic front". The PD campaigned with its late founder Fernando de Araújo, who led the student independence movement in Indonesia (RENETIL), and the MSD with Mário Viegas Carrascalão and Francisco Xavier do Amaral, also deceased.STAE: Internationale Wahlbeobachter.
On 10 May, the President of the National Electoral Commission () Alcino Baris accused the AMP of spreading unfounded suspicions against the official electoral bodies on social media. Two posts on the AMP's Facebook account had warned that Prime Minister Alkatiri was "preparing mechanisms to deal with the early elections" with the CNE and the Technical Secretariat of the Electoral Administration (). The party claims that additional ballot papers were printed "to make Fretilin the winner" and they tried to buy votes with "money and rice". Then also claim that election officials were also manipulated. According to Baris, there is no evidence of this. Fidelis Leite Magalhães, Vice-President of the AMP, said the warnings had certain bases and were intended to avoid abuse and "deliberate mistakes".SIC Notícias: Órgãos eleitorais de Timor-Leste acusam oposição de publicações falsas em época de eleições , 10 May 2018, Retrieved on 9 January 2023. The first reports from national and international election observers assessed the elections as free, fair and transparent. Besides Australia and the European Union, election observers included the International Republican Institute, the Ibero-American Group of Electoral Observers GIOE with representatives from Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Portugal and VenezuelaPress release from the Mexican consulate in Timor-Leste. and the Catholic Church alone 900 people.
Results