The Abercrombie class of monitors served in the Royal Navy during the First World War.
History
The four ships in this class came about when the contracted supplier of the main armament for the Greek battleship being built in Germany was unable to supply due to the British blockade. The company – Bethlehem Steel in the United States – instead offered to sell the four twin gun turrets to the Royal Navy on 3 November 1914.
A design for a shallow-draught warship (known as "Monitors") suitable for shore-bombardment was quickly designed and built to use these turrets. Preliminary studies was completed by AM Worthington, the handed over to Charles Lillicrap to complete, which was done within a week. The ships were laid down and launched within six months.
The ships carried a single main gun turret forward of a tripod mast, which was itself in front of a single funnel. A secondary armament of two 12-pounder (76 mm) guns was fitted, with a single 3-pounder (47 mm) anti-aircraft gun, with a 2-pounder pom-pom completing the ships armament.Gardiner and Gray 1985, p. 44.
The monitors had a box-like hull, with very bluff bow and stern, and were fitted with anti-torpedo bulges. In order to speed construction, it was intended to use off-the shelf merchant ship engines, giving about , which were expected to drive the ships to . The rushed design, however, meant that the ships were much slower than expected – Raglans engines gave but the ship could only reach .Gardiner and Gray 1985, pp. 43–44.
During the planning and build, they were to be the Styx-class named after four American figures; General Ulysses S. Grant, General Robert E. Lee, Admiral David Farragut and General Stonewall Jackson and they were launched under these names. Because the United States was still a neutral power at that time, using these names would have been undiplomatic and so they were renamed as simply M1 through M4 before completion, then receiving their final names.
The design included a seaplane for spotting the guns, but it was found that land-based aircraft were more effective; as monitors, they would never operate in the open sea, and storing the seaplane on top of the turret meant it had to be removed to avoid damage, even if not required before the guns could fire.
These monitors had flat bottoms, barges with bulges and were intended to have a speed of 10 knots. The Haslar model tests showed this would not be achieved, but the monitors were already in production. In practice their top speed was 6 knots.
Ships Ship Namesake Builders LaunchedCommissioned Fate (Initially Farragut, then M1, then General Abercrombie) James Abercrombie Harland & Wolff, Belfast 15 April 19151 May 1915 Paid off after the Armistice and sold for scrap to Thos. W Ward, Inverkeithing in 1927. (Initially General Grant, then M2) Henry Havelock Harland & Wolff, Belfast 29 April 1915 Sold in 1921 for breaking up to Thos W Ward, Preston, broken up 1927 (Initially Robert E Lee, then M3, then Lord Raglan) FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan Harland and Wolff, Govan, 29 April 1915May 1915 Sunk during the Battle of Imbros in January 1918, by battlecruiser Yavuz Sultan Selim (initially Stonewall Jackson, then M4, then Lord Roberts Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts Swan Hunter, Wallsend, 15 April 191521 May 1915 Used as a static drillship after the First World War, scrapped in 1936
References
Bibliography
Vol. 1 • Vol. 2
Dittmar, F. J. & Colledge, J. J., "British Warships 1914–1919", (Ian Allan, London, 1972),
Gray, Randal (ed), "Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921", (Conway Maritime Press, London, 1985),