Soda rosmarinus is a perennial-green desert species of saltwort in the Amaranthaceae family. It is endemic to the lower Jordan Valley along the Dead Sea, in Israel and Jordan, and in the Syrian desert,The plant grows in the Saharo-Arabian region of Syria, and is known locally by the name al-ʿaniẓwān (). Central Iraq (near Najaf) and in the coastal regions of Saudi Arabia, the islands of Bahrain, Qatar, and Iran, commonly known in Arabic by the names ʾušnān ()In regions of Syria, the word ušnān is also used for species of Anabasis and for Arthrocaulon macrostachyum. and šenān and in the Neo-Aramaic languages by reflexes of ʾuḥlā. It is often used by Bedouins for cleaning as a soap substitute. In medieval Arabic literature, it is also known by the names of "green ushnan" and "launderers' potash",Zohar Amar, Flora of the Bible, Jerusalem 2012, s.v. , p. 216 (note 34) . having been used since time immemorial to produce nabulsi soap and as an electuary in compounding theriac for use in treating scorpion stings,Suessman Muntner (ed.), Maimonides' Treatise on Poisons and their Antidotes (Based on Paris 1211 Manuscript), Philadelphia 1966, p. 30 (section 5). as well as for extracting potassium for other medicinal uses.Amar, Zohar & Serri, Yaron, The Land of Israel and Syria as Described by Al-Tamimi (Jerusalem Physician of the 10th Century), Bar-Ilan University: Ramat-Gan, 2004, pp. 61–66; 111–113 (Hebrew)
Habitat The plant grows mainly in salt flats (Arabic: sabkha) in hard soil surfaces, and can also be found growing along riverine gulches (Arabic: wadi) and in drainage runnels that have alkaline and saline soils, subsequently accumulating in its leaves a high quantity of sodium and chloride (chlorine ions).Al-Ani, Habib, Abduaziz and Ouda, Plant Indicators in Iraq: II. Mineral Composition of Native Plants in Relation to Soils and Selective Absorption, Plant and Soil, Vol. 35, No. 1 (August 1971), pp. 30–33. It thrives in silty soil which is very slippery and muddy when wet, but becomes baked hard with a flaking surface which breaks up into a fine dust when dry, and can especially be seen growing on hummocks in such terrain.See pp. 792–793 in:
Description S. rosmarinus, like its relative S. longifolia, has opposite fleshy leaves and winged outgrowths arising above the middle of the notch-like perianth parts. However, unlike its relative, this species has leaf bases almost completely joined at the nodes without any longitudinal channel running down the internode. It also contains a dense tuft of white hairs in the axil of each leaf. The perianth parts and wings of the genus Soda are unequally developed in each flower. The wings of the plant overlap, while the upper part of the perianth is broad at its base.Burtt and Lewis, "On the Flora of Kuweit: III", Kew Bulletin, vol. 9, no. 3, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 1954, pp. 386–387. The plant is classified as a xerophyte, having adapted itself to places with little water. It blossoms in late March, April, and early May.
Uses in ancient medicine The species has been used in antiquity for the production of potash, hence its Arabic name, ušnān. The 10th-century Arab physician, al-Tamimi, described the plant in his day as being imported into Palestine, Egypt, and other regions from the riverine gulches around the vicinity of Amman, in Transjordan, and used in the production of an alkali soap (Arabic: غاسول = ġāsūl) and of cleaning agents. According to al-Tamimi, the plants were gathered in their fresh, green state in large bundles, transferred to furnaces made with plastered floors and stone spouts, where they were cast inside, beneath which were laid large timbers that were set aflame, causing the melting alkali substance to drip down by the spouts into a threshing floor directly below. The liquid would be collected and eventually become hardened when it cooled, the finished product resembling a hard, black-colored stone. The stone-like mineral could be broken up into smaller fragments and used as a laundry detergent.
Some of the salt bushes produced a type of potassium alum (Arabic: shab) that was brownish in color, having a strong alkalinity and burning effect when tasted. Al-Tamimi adds that one of the chemical elements had by burning Seidlitzia's succulent green leaves is al-qalī, which, besides being a natural cleansing agent, its "plant ashes" (potash) could be converted into potassiumMany of the saltworts, such as Salsola spp., including Seidlitzia, are known to contain high amounts of potassium chloride (KCl), potassium carbonate (K2CO3) and potassium hydroxide (KOH), and which combined minerals were given the general name of alkali (qelw) among the Arabs (Zohar Amar and Yaron Serri, The Land of Israel and Syria as Described by al-Tamimi – Jerusalem Physician of the 10th Century, Ramat-Gan 2004, p. 63 [Hebrew]). by placing the ashes into a pot, adding water thereto, and heating it until one is left with an evaporated solution. When this solution was mixed with coarsely ground yellow-orpiment () and with oil extracted from unripe olives, heated in a ceramic skillet placed over a fire, and turned constantly with an iron spoon until it congeals (having the fire actually touch it until it turns reddish in color), it too, according to al-Tamimi, is said to have certain medicinal properties, said to prevent tooth decay, as well as in assuaging blood loss from the gums.
It is also said to be useful in removing halitosis. When the substance congeals, stirring ceases, and the substance is then allowed to burn completely while remaining in the ceramic skillet. It is then taken up while still hot and is pounded by mortar and pestle, until one is left with a fine powder. It is then sifted in a sieve and stored until ready for use. A quantity of one dirham-weight (about 3.31 g during Ottoman times) was traditionally applied with one's finger to the affected part of the gums in the mouth, and allowed to remain there for one hour. Its application, however, is said to have been quite unpleasant because of its severe burning effect and strong alkalinity. After which, the mouth was rinsed with cold water, followed by gargling with Persian rose oil to aid in the mouth's cooling.Al-Tamimi's description of this plant and its usages is preserved in an Arabic manuscript written by Anṣāri in 1270, called Dhikr al-tiryaq al-faruq (Memoir on Antidotes for Poisons), Maryland MS. A-64, pp. 60a–60b. The manuscript is now kept at the U.S. National Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland. See: S.J. Greenberg, A Shelflist of Islamic Medical Manuscripts at the National Library of Medicine, Maryland 1996, p. 14 (item # 16). A Hebrew translation of the Arabic has been rendered in Zohar Amar's book, The Land of Israel and Syria as Described by Al-Tamimi, Ramat-Gan 2004, pp. 111–113.
References to plant in Jewish literature In ancient Jewish literature (Bible,Jeremiah 2:22; Malachi 3:2-3; Isaiah 1:25; Job 22:30; II Samuel 22:21; Psalm 18:21. Mishnah,Shabbat 9:5; Niddah 9:6. In these references, Maimonides explains the word borith as being ghasoul, a generic term used in Arabic for a cleansing agent, and explains ḳimmonia as being "an alkaline salt." Moses Margolies, a Talmudic exegete, explains the word ḳimmonia in Jerusalem Talmud, Shabbat 9:5, as having the meaning of "an herb whose ashes are used in cleansing the filth from one's hands, and which is called ḳalia in the Gemara, being in the Arabic tongue al-qaliyya." Nathan ben Abraham identifies borit in Mishnah Niddah 9:6 with ušnān (Arabic: أشنان), meaning, Soda rosmarinus (syn. Seidlitzia rosmarinus). ToseftaShevi'it 5:6; Niddah 8:10, where the latter says: "Borith is ḳimilliya (alkali)." and TalmudBT Shabbat 90a; Niddah 61b–62a; JT Shabbat 9:5 [60b], where the latter says: "ḳimmon is ḳalia (an alkaline substance).") there are two generic terms used to describe alkaline plants used as a lixivium in washing hands and in laundering clothes, the one being called borith (), the other, ahal (). Modern scholars disagree as to the precise identity of these plants, but nearly all concur that they were alkaline substances found in certain local plants, and which could have included the genera of Salsola, Soda (Seidlitzia), Anabasis, Suaeda, Hammada, Mesembryanthemum and Salicornia, among others.Zohar Amar, Flora of the Bible, Jerusalem 2012, s.v. ברית, p. 216 (in Hebrew); Zohar Amar, Flora and Fauna in Maimonides's Teachings, Kefar Darom 2015, p. 53 (in Hebrew).
References
Further reading Ian Charleson Hedge: Seidlitzia rosmarinus. - In: Karl Heinz Rechinger et al. (Edit.): Flora Iranica 172, Chenopodiaceae: p. 290. - Akad. Druck, Graz 1997, .
External links
Royal Botanic Gardens: Kew Science, Online Plants of the World (Soda rosmarinus (Bunge ex Boiss.) Akhani) Seidlitzia rosmarinus Diversification of the Old World Salsoleae s.l. (Chenopodiaceae): Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of Nuclear and Chloroplast Data Sets and a Revised Classification Seidlitzia rosmarinus (photographs) Description of Seidlitzia (Arabic)