Isaiah 40 is the fortieth chapter of the Book of Isaiah in the Hebrew Bible, and the first chapter of the section known as "Deutero-Isaiah" (Isaiah 40-55), dating from the time of the Israelites' exile in Babylon. This book contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet Isaiah, and is one of the Books of the Prophets in the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible). Parts of this chapter are cited in all four canonical Gospels of the Christian Bible.
Text The original text was written in Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 31 verses.
Textual witnesses Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008).
Fragments containing parts of this chapter were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls (3rd century BC or later): 1QIsaa: complete 1QIsab: extant verses 1-4 4QIsab (4Q56): extant verses 1‑4, 22‑26 5Q3 (5QIsa): extant verses 16, 18‑19
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; Q; 6th century).
New Testament references : Matthew 3:1–12; ; ; Isaiah 40, Berean Study Bible
Parashot The parashah sections listed here are based on the Aleppo Codex.As reflected in the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 edition of the Hebrew Bible in English. Isaiah 40 is a part of the Consolations (Isaiah 40–66). {P}: open parashah; {S}: closed parashah. {P} 40:1-2 {S} 40:3-5 {P} 40:6-8 {S} 40:9-11 {S} 40:12-16 {P} 40:17-20 {S} 40:21-24 {S} 40:25-26 {S} 40:27-31 {S}
Structure John Skinner, in the Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges commentary, refers to verses 1-11 as the prologue (to Deutero-Isaiah).Skinner, J. (1897-8), Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on Isaiah 40, accessed 30 July 2018
Prepare the Way for the LORD (40:1–5) Verse 1 Comfort, comfort my people, says your God. ESV "Your": The pronominal suffix is second masculine plural, may refer to "God’s people" or "unidentified heralds commanded to comfort Jerusalem".Note on Isaiah 40:1 in NET Bible
Verse 2 Speak tenderly to Jerusalem, and cry to her that her warfare is ended, that her iniquity is pardoned, that she has received from the Lord's hand double for all her sins. ESV In the Septuagint this passage is addressed to the priests.Isaiah 40:2 - Brenton's Septuagint Translation
Verse 3 The voice of him that crieth in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the Lord, make straight in the desert a highway for our God. KJV This verse is cited in all four gospels in New Testament as fulfilled in the person of John the Baptist, who prepared for the coming of Jesus Christ the Lord (Matthew 3:1–3; Mark 1:2–; Luke 3:2–6; John 1:23). John himself confessed that the verse pertains to him: He [John the Baptist] said, "I am the voice of one crying out in the wilderness, 'Make straight the way of the Lord,' as the prophet Isaiah said". ESV
Some English translations associate the reference to "the wilderness" with "the voice which cries out": examples include the King James Version and New King James Version, the Geneva Bible, Wycliffe's translation, the Darby Bible and Brenton's translation of the Septuagint. In more recent translations, "the wilderness" is associated with the place where the way of the Lord is to be prepared: examples include the ASV, Common English Bible, Contemporary English Version, English Standard Version, Jerusalem Bible, Revised Standard Version and New Revised Standard Version: A voice cries: "In the wilderness prepare the way of the Lord". - ESV
Verse 4 Every valley shall be exalted, and every mountain and hill shall be made low: and the crooked shall be made straight, and the rough places plain: KJV Cited in Luke 3:5.
Verse 5 And the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together: for the mouth of the Lord hath spoken it. KJV Cited in Luke 3:6.Ellicott, C. J. (Ed.) (1905). Ellicott's Bible Commentary for English Readers. Isaiah 40. London : Cassell and Company, Limited, [1905-1906] Online version: (OCoLC) 929526708. Accessed 28 April 2019.
The Enduring Word (40:6–8)
Verse 6 The voice said, Cry. And he said, What shall I cry? All flesh is grass, and all the goodliness thereof is as the flower of the field: KJV "All flesh is grass" (Hebrew: -ha- Hebrew Text Analysis: Isaiah 40:6. Biblehub compare to and see also ; ; ; .Exell, Joseph S.; Spence-Jones, Henry Donald Maurice (Editors). On "Isaiah 40". In: The Pulpit Commentary. 23 volumes. First publication: 1890. Accessed 24 April 2019. is answering the question, "What shall I cry?" (also see ; ; ).Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. Isaiah 40. Accessed 28 April 2019. Cited in 1 Peter 1:24.Barnes, Albert. Notes on the Bible - Isaiah 40. James Murphy (ed). London: Blackie & Son, 1884.
Verse 7 The grass withers, the flower fades because the Spirit of the Lord blows upon it; surely the people are grass. MEV "Spirit of the Lord": can also rendered as "wind of Jehovah" () or may refer to the "withering east wind of those countries sent by Jehovah" ().Jamieson, Robert; Fausset, Andrew Robert; Brown, David. Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary On the Whole Bible. "Isaiah 40". 1871.
Verse 8
The grass withers, the flower fades, but the word of our God shall stand forever. MEV Cited together with Isaiah 40:6 in 1 Peter 1:24–25.
Here Is Your God! (40:9–31) Verse 13 Who has directed the Spirit of the Lord, Or as His counselor has taught Him? NKJV Cross reference: Cited in Romans 11:34
Verse 22
It is he who sits above the circle of the earth, and its inhabitants are like grasshoppers; who stretches out the heavens like a curtain, and spreads them like a tent to dwell in; ESV
Westermann notes the similarity of parts of this verse to other Bible verses: verse 22a vs. b and verse 22b vs. b. This verse contains several rare words such as , doq ("curtain"), and , mathach ("spread, stretch"), which are only found here, as well as , chug ("circle"), which are only found in a few other verses (; ; ) suggesting "well-defined, distinctive traditions." "Circle" (of the earth): is translated from the Hebrew word , , which also denotes "horizon, circuit, vault of the heavens";Brown 1994 "" while the Gesenius Lexicon also adds "sphere". It can refer to the full circuit the seen and unseen halves of the stars across the dome of the sky, or the vault of heaven () extending "in a half-circle from horizon to horizon", or a circular observable horizon (cf. ; ) It is to emphasize the range of God’s authority "over everything the eye can see in every direction, even to the distant ends of the earth," but not necessarily refer to the "circular nature of the earth." Rashi mentions an expression with the same root in "and with a compass (וּבַמְּחוּגָה)" to view this word as a "circle" (as made by a compass).Yeshayahu - Isaiah - Chapter 40. The Complete Jewish Bible with Rashi Commentary. Chabad.org. Accessed on February 28, 2019. A newer edition of the Douay–Rheims Bible renders it as "globe"Isaiah 40:22 Douay-Rheims – and so does the Spanish version of the Jubilee Bible (el globo,Isaiah 40:22 JBS although the English version renders as "circle"Isaiah 40:22 JUB) – but an older edition of the Douay-Reims renders it as "compasse" (original spelling in 1582 CE).Isaiah 40:22 in the 1582 Douay-Rheims Old Testament
Uses Modern literature A part of the Hebrew text of Isaiah 40:4 was used by Shmuel Yosef Agnon as the title for his 1912-novella, "Vehaya Ha'akov Lemishor" ("The Crooked Shall Be Made Straight").
Music The King James Version of verses 1–5, 9 and 11 from this chapter is cited as texts in the English-language oratorio "Messiah" by George Frideric Handel (HWV 56).
See also All flesh is grass Christian messianic prophecies John the Baptist Messianic prophecies of Jesus Related Bible parts: Exodus 19, Jeremiah 23, Matthew 3, Mark 1, Luke 3, John 1, Romans 11, 1 Peter 1, 1 Peter 5
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External links
Jewish Isaiah 40: Hebrew with Parallel English
Christian Isaiah 40 English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate