The Browning Hi-Power or 1935 Browning 9mm GP or Grand Puissance pistol is a single-action, semi-automatic pistol available in the 9×19mm Parabellum and .40 S&W calibers. It was based on a design by American firearms inventor John Browning, and completed by Dieudonné Saive at FN Herstal. Browning died in 1926, several years before the design was finalized. FN Herstal named it the "High Power" in allusion to the 13-round magazine capacity, almost twice that of other designs at the time, such as the Walther P38 or Colt M1911. The Hi-Power was the only 9mm semi-automatic pistol available with a double-stack detachable box magazine from 1935 until the introduction of the 15-round MAB PA-15 in 1966.
During World War II, Belgium was occupied by Nazi Germany and the FN factory was used by the Wehrmacht to build the pistols for their military, under the designation "9mm Pistole 640(b)". FN Herstal continued to build guns for the Allied forces by moving their production line to a John Inglis and Company plant in Canada, where the name was changed to "Hi-Power". The name change was kept even after production returned to Belgium. The pistol is often referred to as an HP or BHP, and the terms P-35 and HP-35 are also used, based on the introduction of the pistol in 1935. Other names include GP (after the French term grande puissance) or BAP (Browning Automatic Pistol). The Hi-Power is one of the most widely used military pistols in history, having been used by the armed forces of over 50 countries. Although most pistols were built in Belgium by FN Herstal, licensed and unlicensed copies were built around the world, in countries such as Argentina, Hungary, India, Bulgaria, and Israel.
After 82 years of continuous production, FN Herstal announced that the production of the Hi-Power would end, and it was discontinued in early 2018 by Browning Arms. From 2019 to 2022, with new Belgian Hi-Powers no longer being built, new clones were designed by various firearm companies to fill the void, including GİRSAN, TİSAŞ, and Springfield Armory, Inc. These new Hi-Power clones began competing with each other by offering new finishes, enhanced sights, redesigned hammers, bevelled magazine wells, improved trigger, and increased magazine capacity.
In 2022, FN announced they would resume production of the Browning Hi-Power. The 2022 "FN High Power" incorporated a number of entirely new features such as a fully ambidextrous slide lock, simplified takedown method, enlarged ejection port, reversible magazine release, wider slide serrations, different colored finish offerings, and 17-round magazines. In contrast to popular belief, the new FN High Power might resemble a modern Hi-Power, but it is, in fact, a different design. One of the noticeable details is the lack of Browning-style locking lugs.
History
Development The Browning Hi-Power was designed in response to a French military requirement for a new service pistol in the name of “GP” (; ).
The French military required that: The gun must be compact The magazine have a capacity of at least 10 rounds The gun have a magazine disconnect device, an external hammer, and safety catch The gun be robust and simple to disassemble and reassemble The gun be capable of killing a man at
This last criterion was seen to demand a caliber of or larger, a bullet mass of around , and a muzzle velocity of . It was to accomplish all of this at a weight not exceeding .
FN commissioned John Browning to design a new military sidearm conforming to this specification. Browning had previously sold the rights to his successful M1911 U.S. Army automatic pistol to Colt's Patent Firearms, and was therefore forced to design an entirely new pistol while working around the M1911 patents. Browning built two different prototypes for the project in Utah and filed the patent for this pistol in the United States on 28 June 1923, granted on 22 February 1927.Gangarosa, Gene Jr. (1999). FN...Browning: Armorer to the World. Stoeger Publishing, New Jersey. pp. 63–65. One was a simple blowback design, while the other was operated with a locked-breech recoil system. Both prototypes utilised the new staggered magazine design (by designer Dieudonné Saive) to increase capacity without unduly increasing the pistol's grip size or magazine length.
The locked breech design was selected for further development and testing. This model was striker-fired, and featured a double-stack magazine that held 16 rounds. The design was refined through several trials held by the Versailles Trial Commission.
In 1928, when the patents for the Colt Model 1911 had expired, Dieudonné Saive integrated many of the Colt's previously patented features into the Saive-Browning Model of that same year. This version featured the removable barrel bushing and take down sequence of the Colt 1911.
In 1929, as an effort to find an alternative solution to the long-ongoing French trials, and with a pistol that they considered by then to be good enough to stand on its own to find other potential clients, FN decided to announce the "Grand Rendement", incorporating a shortened 13-round magazine, for sale in their commercial catalogue. They hoped to find a military contract which would in turn help them finance a production line, essentially through the same process as their previous FN M1900 pistol.
By 1931, the Browning Hi-Power design incorporated the same 13-round magazine, a curved rear grip strap, and a barrel bushing that was integral to the slide assembly. The Belgian Army showed a definite interest and bought 1,000 pistols based on this prototype for field trials.
By 1934, the Hi-Power design was complete and ready to be produced. Ultimately, France decided not to adopt the pistol, instead selecting the conceptually similar but lower-capacity Modèle 1935 pistol. However, it was good enough to stand on its own as a service pistol for the Belgian Army and other clients. These would become the Grande Puissance, known as the High Power, in Belgium for military service in 1935 as the Browning P-35.
Military service and widespread use Browning Hi-Power pistols were used during World War II by both Allied and Axis forces. After occupying Belgium in 1940, German forces took over the FN plant. German troops subsequently used the Hi-Power, having assigned it the designation Pistole 640(b) ("b" for belgisch, "Belgian"). Examples produced by FN in Belgium under German occupation bear German inspection and acceptance marks, or Waffenamts, such as WaA613. In German service, it was used mainly by Waffen-SS and personnel.
High-Power pistols were also produced in Canada for Allied use, by John Inglis and Company in Toronto. The plans were sent from the FN factory to the UK when it became clear the Belgian plant would fall into German hands, enabling the Inglis factory to be tooled up for Hi-Power production for Allied use. Inglis produced two versions of the Hi-Power, one with an adjustable rear sight and detachable shoulder stock (primarily for a Nationalist Chinese contract) and one with a fixed rear sight. Production began in late 1944 and they were on issue by the March 1945 Operation Varsity airborne crossing of the Rhine into Germany. The pistol was popular with the British airborne forces as well as covert operations and commando groups such as the Special Operations Executive (SOE), the U.S. Office of Strategic Services (OSS), and the British Special Air Service (SAS) Regiment.
Inglis High-Powers made for Commonwealth forces have the British designation 'Mk 1' or 'Mk 1*' and the manufacturer's details on the left of the slide. They were known in British and Commonwealth service as the 'Pistol No 2 Mk 1', or 'Pistol No 2 Mk 1*' where applicable. Serial numbers were 6 characters, the second being the letter 'T', e.g. 1T2345. Serial numbers on pistols for the Chinese contract instead used the letters 'CH', but otherwise followed the same format. When the Chinese contract was cancelled, all undelivered Chinese-style pistols were accepted by the Canadian military with designations of 'Pistol No 1 Mk 1' and 'Pistol No 1 Mk 1*'.
In the postwar period, Hi-Power production continued at the FN factory and as part of FN's product range, which included the FN FAL rifle and FN MAG general-purpose machine gun. It has been adopted as the standard service pistol by over 50 armies in 93 countries. At one time most NATO nations used it, and it was standard issue to forces throughout the British Commonwealth. It was manufactured under licence, or in some cases cloned, on several continents. Former Iraqi ruler Saddam Hussein often carried a Browning Hi-Power. Former Libyan ruler Muammar Gaddafi carried a gold-plated Hi-Power with his own face design on the left side of the grip which was waved around in the air by Libyan rebels after his death. A Hi-Power was used by Mehmet Ali Agca during the assassination attempt of Pope John Paul II in 1981.
Decline and resurgence The Hi-Power has proven to be a design of substantial longevity, and it remains in service as the standard sidearm of the Indian Army, the Indonesian Armed Forces, the Surinamese army, and the Argentine Army.
However, since the late 1970s, its ubiquity has been increasingly threatened by the introduction of more modern designs. This new generation of pistols, referred to as Wonder Nines, feature double action triggers, and are manufactured with more modern materials such as aluminum or polymer, resulting in a lower overall weight.
Attempting to capitalize on this trend, FN released the HP-DA pistol in 1983. Though similar in appearance, the HP-DA features significant design and ergonomics changes from the standard, single-action Hi-Power. FN Herstal presented the HP-DA at the United States Joint Service Small Arms Program’s XM9 pistol trials of 1983-84. However, the pistol was voluntarily withdrawn from consideration, and the Beretta 92F was ultimately picked as the next American service weapon. The Finnish Defence Forces accepted the HP-DA as their standard service pistol under the designations 9.00 PIST 80 and 9.00 PIST 80–91. It has been supplanted in service by the Glock 17, Walther P99, and Sig Sauer P226.
In 2006, the Irish Defence Forces announced that it would be replacing its inventory of Hi-Power pistols with the Heckler & Koch USP in 9mm. This replacement began the following year.
In 2013, the Belgian Armed Forces, which had adopted the Hi-Power in 1935, replaced their remaining stock with the Five-seveN pistol, also made by Fabrique National.
In 2013 the British Armed Forces began to replace the Browning with the Glock 17 Gen 4 pistol, due to concerns about weight and the external safety of the pistol.
In 2024, the Canadian Armed Forces began phasing out their Hi-Powers to be replaced with the Sig Sauer P320.
In 2018, FN announced they would end production of the Mark III Hi-Power, citing increasing production costs. Early in that year, FN officially ceased production of the Belgian Hi-Power for the first time since 1935.
Since the discontinuation of the Hi-Power, several companies begun producing clones for intended for the civilian market. This includes Turkish manufactures TİSAŞ and GİRSAN, as well as American gun company Springfield Armory, who released their clone, the SA-35, in 2021
In 2022, FN Herstal announced the FN High Power series of pistols. This pistol, marketed as a modernized version of the classic Hi-Power, is in actuality an entirely new design that features no parts in common with its predecessor. The High Power features several new design features not included in the original Hi-Power.