Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS) is a protein quality method proposed in March 2013 by the Food and Agriculture Organization to replace the current protein ranking standard, the Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS).

The DIAAS accounts for amino acid digestibility at the end of the small intestine (= the end of ileum, the last section of the small intestine), providing a more accurate measure of the amounts of amino acids absorbed by the body and the protein's contribution to human amino acid and nitrogen requirements. This is in contrast to the PDCAAS, which is based on an estimate of total protein digestibility over the total digestive tract. Values stated using PDCAAS generally overestimate the amount of amino acids absorbed.

Calculation As noted before, DIAAS considers the digestibility of individual essential amino acids (EAAs). The amounts of each amino acid in the test food and in the digested mixture at the end of the small intestine is subtracted to give the absorbed amount of each EAA . The value is divided by the total amount of protein in the test food to give the milligrams of each EAA absorbed for each gram of the protein . One then looks up the desired reference pattern, which gives the amount of an EAA in 1 gram of the "reference protein" . For each EAA, the "reference ratio" is calculated. The final DIAAS is 100% times the lowest reference ratio.

Amino acid digestibility is preferably scored using humans. If humans are not available, determination in growing pigs or growing rats are acceptable. For measurement in humans, a minimally invasive dual-tracer method has been developed for the DIAAS method.

Reference pattern

Amino acid requirements were determined in two parts. The amino acid distribution of breast milk was used for the 0 to 6 month age range, and existing amino acid data was used for older ages after adjustment for digestibility. The reference amino acid requirements are presented below.

Requirements by age (mg/g protein) Amino acid 0 to 6 months 6 months to 3 years Over 3 years Histidine 21 20 16 Isoleucine 55 32 30 Leucine 96 66 61 Lysine 69 57 48 Methionine + Cysteine (SAA) 33 27 23 Phenylalanine + Tyrosine (AAA) 94 52 41 Threonine 44 31 25 Tryptophan 17 8.5 6.6 Valine 55 43 40

Example values The table shows the ratings of selected foods comparing PDCAAS to DIAAS. The quality of various sources of protein depends on how it is processed, refined, stored, or cooked. (preparation is unspecified for some values in the table, but does not necessarily differ in preparation from the foods where preparation is specified). A major difference between DIAAS and PDCAAS, is that PDCAAS is truncated at 100%, while DIAAS is not. Multiple protein sources can also be combined to increase DIAAS, which can be effective at raising the max DIAAS of plant-based diets.

When attempting to read the results the score refers to how much of each required protein is available to absorb in reference to how much is required per day.

Food PDCAAS DIAAS for 0.5-3 yo Limiting AA Milk Protein Concentrate 1.00 1.18 Met + Cys Whey Protein Isolate 1.00 1.09 Val Soy Protein Isolate 0.98 0.898 Met + Cys Pea Protein Concentrate 0.893 0.822 Met + Cys Rice Protein Concentrate 0.419 0.371 Lys Whole milk powder 1.000 1.159 Tilapia1.00Tuna (canned in oil)1.00 Chicken breast 1.00 1.08 TrpPork1.17 Beef 1.000 1.116 Whole milk 1.00 1.14 Met + Cys Egg (hard boiled) 1.00 1.13 HisEgg1.01 Chickpeas 0.74 0.83 Met + Cys Tofu 0.70 0.97 Met + Cys Peas 0.782 0.647 Cooked peas 0.597 0.579 Met + Cys Soybean 1.000 0.996 Soy 0.91 Met + CysSoya Flour1.001.05Fava Bean0.55Met + Cys Cooked kidney beans 0.648 0.588 Roasted peanuts 0.509 0.434 Almonds 0.39 0.40 LysWheat0.4630.40-0.48Wheat flour0.40Wheat bran0.53-0.600.41-0.49Barley0.5910.472Rye0.5530.476 Triticale 0.553 0.498 Corn0.370.36Met + Cys Corn Grain 0.473 0.424 Corn-based cereal 0.078 0.012 LysRice0.47Lys Cooked rice 0.616 0.595 LysOats0.57LysCooked rolled oats0.670 0.542 Potato Protein Isolate0.991.00Quinoa0.677Quinoa flour0.79 Gelatin 0.02 TrpWheat/potato (30/70)1.00Vegetables0.73-0.89Tubercles0.74-0.89Fresh Fruits0.64-0.76Dried Fruits0.48-0.66Legumes0.70-0.89

Comparing DIAAS to PDCAAS

The PDCAAS uses the faecal digestibility while the DIAAS considers the ileal digestibility. The PDCAAS is truncated at 100% while DIAAS is not The PDCAAS experimentation protocol that determines the digestibility involves rats while the DIAAS advises to use pigs preferably as the pig digestive system is closer to the human's system. The PDCAAS considers the global digestibility of the product's protein (a single figure) while the DIAAS accounts for a specific digestibility percentage for each indispensable amino acid The reference values for the PDCAAS are based on a unique age group, the 2 to 5-year-old child which is deemed to be the more demanding. The DIAAS provides values for three different age groups, with more up to date data about human needs.

See also Amino acid score Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score Protein quality Net protein utilization Nitrogen balance

External links An app that helps calculate the DIAAS value of a mix of food items

References