Pleshakov (masculine, ) or Pleshakova (feminine, ) is a Russian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Alexey Pleshakov (born 1954), Russian politician Sergei Pleshakov (born 1957), Russian field hockey player, twin brother of Vladimir Vladimir Pleshakov (born 1957), Russian field hockey player, twin brother of Sergei Yuriy Pleshakov (born 1988), Ukrainian–Russian soccer player