The Hakka Pinyin System (客家語拼音方案, Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Hak-kâ-ngî Phîn-yîm Fông-on), originally known as the Taiwanese Hakka Pinyin System (臺灣客家語拼音方案, Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Thòi-vàn Hak-kâ-ngî Phîn-yîm Fông-on), also known as the Hakka Romanisation System or the Taiwanese Hakka Romanisation System, is the Romanization system for Taiwanese Hakka currently used by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of China.
The 2008 Taiwanese Hakka Pinyin System was revised based on the 2003 "Taiwanese Hakka Tongyong Pinyin System," and was expanded to include transcription support for five additional dialects: Sixian, Hailu, Dabu, Raoping, and Zhaoan. It was re-published after further revisions in 2009. In 2012, transcription support for the Southern Sixian dialect was added, descriptions were adjusted, and the name was changed to the Hakka Pinyin System.
Current system Initials The top-left of each cell is the Hakka Pinyin, the top-right is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), and at the bottom are Extended Bopomofo symbols.
BilabialLabiodentalAlveolarPostalveolarAlveolo-palatalPalatalVelarGlottalVoicelessVoicedVoicelessVoicedVoicelessVoicedVoicelessVoicedVoicelessVoicedVoicelessVoicedVoicelessNasal m [m]ㄇ n [n]ㄋ ngi [ɲ]ㄬ ng [ŋ]ㄫPlosiveUnaspiratedb [p]ㄅbb [b]ㆠ d [t]ㄉ g [k]ㄍ [ʔ] （Unmarked）Aspiratedp [pʰ]ㄆ t [tʰ]ㄊ k [kʰ]ㄎ AffricateUnaspirated z [ʦ]ㄗ zh [ʧ]ㄓj [ʨ]ㄐ Aspirated c [ʦʰ]ㄘ ch [ʧʰ]ㄔq [ʨʰ]ㄑ Fricative f [f]ㄈv [ʋ]ㄪs [s]ㄙsh [ʃ]ㄕrh [ʒ]ㄖx [ɕ]ㄒ h [h]ㄏApproximant r [j]一 Lateral l [l]ㄌ bb [b] is used for the Zhaoan dialect in Yunlin, Guoxing Township in Nantou, and parts of the southern Hakka speaking regions in Taiwan, where bb [b] often replaces v [ʋ]. j [ʨ], q [ʨʰ], and x [ɕ] are only used in the Sixian dialect; other dialects use z [ʦ], c [ʦʰ], and s [s]. r [j] is only used in the Southern Sixian dialect. h (ㄏ) is pronounced as [x] in Mandarin, which is different from the [h] in Hakka.
Vowels Front vowelCentral vowelBack vowelClose voweli [i]ㄧii [ɨ]/[ɹ̩]ㄭu [u]ㄨClose-mid vowele [e]ㄝ er [ɤ]ㄜo [o]ㄛOpen-mid vowelee [ɛ]ㆤ oo [ɔ]ㆦOpen vowela [a]ㄚ The original "Taiwanese Hakka Tongyong Pinyin System" did not include phonetic symbols for ee [ɛ] and oo [ɔ].(http://www.yaes.tn.edu.tw/resources/files/hakka_pinyin1.pdf) Hakka Pinyin System] . Revised and announced by Tai-Yu-Zi No. 1010161610, September 12, 2012, Republic of China. ee [ɛ] and oo [ɔ] are only used in the Zhaoan dialect. er [ɤ] is used in the Hailu and Raoping dialects.
Final consonants BilabialAlveolarVelarNasal-m [m]ㄇ-n [n]ㄋ-ng [ŋ]ㄫPlosive-b [p̚]ㄅ-d [t̚]ㄉ-g [k̚]ㄍ
Tones Tone marks are placed at the top-right after the syllable.
Chinese tone name Tone mark Diacritics Examples (Sixian dialect) Examples (Hailu dialect) Examples (Dabu dialect) IPA去聲 (Departing);陽入 (Light Entering)vUnmarked富 fu服 fug55(˥˥)5(˥)陰平 (Dark Level)vˊAcute accent夫 fuˊ24(˨˦)v˖Modifier Letter Plus Sign護 fu˖33(˧˧)上聲 (Rising);陰入 (Dark Entering)vˋ/vˆIn some dialects of Hakka (e.g. Dabu dialect, Raoping dialect, Zhaoan dialect), the 上聲 (Rising) tone is marked with vˆ. Grave accent/Circumflex府 fuˋ福 fugˋ虎 fuˆ31(˦˨)2(˨)陽平 (Light Level)vˇCaron糊 fuˇ11(˩˩)
Tone 33 is absent from the Sixian dialect, except in regions that speak the Southern Sixian dialect, e.g. Meinong District, Kaohsiung (see Sixian dialect).
Examples Using the words: "臺灣客家語拼音方案" as an example: Northern Sixian dialect: toiˇ vanˇ hagˋ gaˊ ngiˊ pinˊ imˊ fongˊ on Southern Sixian dialect: toiˇ vanˇ hagˋ gaˊ ngiˊ pinˊ (r)imˊ fongˊ on Hailu dialect: toi van hag gaˋ ngiˋ pinˋ rhimˋ fongˋ onˇ Dabu dialect: toiˇ vanˇ kagˆ ga˖ ngi˖ pin˖ rhim˖ fong˖ onˋ Raoping dialect: toi van kagˋ gaˇ ngiˇ pinˇ rhimˇ fongˇ onˋ Zhaoan dialect: taiˋ bbanˋ kaˊ gaˇ ngiˆ pinˇ rhimˇ fongˇ onˆ
See also Taiwanese Hakka Pha̍k-fa-sṳ Hagfa Pinyim Pinfa
References
Hakka Pinyin Learning Website Hakka Pinyin System User Manual Hakka Pinyin Learning Manual
External links