Tarkhanov () is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Tarkhanova. It may refer to:
Aleksandr Tarkhanov (born 1954), Russian football coach and former player Ivan Tarkhanov (painter) (1780–1848), Russian painter Ivan Tarkhanov (physiologist) (1846–1908), Georgian physiologist Mikhail Tarkhanov (actor) (1877–1948), Russian and Soviet stage actor and theatre director Mikhail Tarkhanov (painter) (1888–1962), Russian and Soviet painter