Heterofullerenes are classes of fullerenes, at least one carbon atom is replaced by another element. Based on spectroscopy, substitutions have been reported with boron (borafullerenes), nitrogen (azafullerenes), oxygen (oxafullerenes), arsenic (arsafullerenes), germanium (germafullerenes), phosphorus (phosphafullerenes), silicon (silafullerenes), iron (ferrafullerenes), copper (cuprafullerenes), nickel (nickelafullerenes), rhodium (rhodafullerenes) and iridium (iridafullerenes). Reports on isolated heterofullerenes are limited to those based on nitrogen Harris, D.J. (1993) "Discovery of Nitroballs: Research in Fullerene Chemistry" http://www.usc.edu/CSSF/History/1993/CatWin_S05.html and oxygen.
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