Papineau is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Joseph Papineau, 19th-century Quebec politician Louis-Joseph Papineau, son of Joseph Papineau, also a 19th-century Quebec politician; headed the 1837 rebellions against the British government in Canada Amédée Papineau, son of Louis Joseph Papineau Denis-Benjamin Papineau, son of Joseph Papineau, was a Joint Premier of the Province of Canada Talbot Mercer Papineau, Rhodes scholar and soldier, died in the Great War David Papineau, British philosopher of mind and science Justin Papineau, Canadian ice hockey player