Mahanubhava (also known as Jai Shri Krishna Pantha) is a Krishnaite Hindu denomination (Sampradaya or Pantha) in India that is generally described to be founded by Chakradhara Swami. Some sources list the founders as Chakrapani (Chāngadeva Rāuḷ) and Govinda Prabhu (Gunḍama Rāuḷ) with Chakradhara Swami as the first "apostle" and propagator of Mahanubhava Pantha. Mahanubhava Sampradaya was formally formed in the modern-day Varhad region of Maharashtra in 1267 CE. It has different names such as Jai Krishni Pantha in Punjab and Achyuta Pantha in Gujarat. Mahanubhava Pantha was also known as Paramarga by its followers in the 13th century.S. G. Tulpule, Mahānubhāva pantha āṇi tyāce vāṅmaya (महानुभाव पंथ आणि त्याचे वाङ्मय), Venus Prakashan, Pune, 1976, pp. 2-9 Nagadevacharya, also known as Bhatobas, became the head of Sampradaya after Chakradhara.
In Mahanubhava, all members are accepted, irrespective of their castes, and the traditional ritualistic religion is rejected. Mahanubhava survives to the present day. It teaches that Krishna is the supreme God.
Mahanubhava Sampradaya has 13 different Amnaya (it is ancestral big family tracing their roots backwards). These traditions were founded by 13 different acharyas which include some disciples of Nagadevacharya and various successors in their lineages.
Chakradhara Chakradhara (known as Sarvajna Shri Chakradhar Swami in the sect) propounded the philosophy of Mahanubhava Sampradaya for the first time. He theorized the idea of "Five Krishnas" as the main figures for Mahanubhavas to worship.
Chakradhara was born in a Marathi Deshastha Brahmin. He moved among all sections of society. He discoursed his philosophy to the people in their own language. He used formulaic language full of meaning in a compact style. He exhorted his disciples to write only in Marathi.
Philosophy According to the Mahanubhava Philosophy, there are four permanent realities in the universe which are Paramesvara (God), Jiva (soul), Devata (deities and supernatural beings) and Prapancha (world). These four entities are uncreated, eternal and independent from each other. Prapancha is of two types—Suksma (matter) or Karana Prapancha and Sthula (material) or Karya Prapancha. Karana Prapancha is immortal but Karya Prapancha is perishable. Paramesvara is the supreme entity in this universe. Paramesvara is one, unique, perfect, omnipotent, omniscient, omnipresent, impersonal and absolute.
There are innumerable souls (Jiva) and material worlds (Sthula Prapancha) existing in the universe. Devata (deities) are 810,125,010 in number including Maya. The purpose of Jiva is to attain Moksha and the Devata is a powerful impediment to Jiva. All Devata are subject to Paramesvara (Supreme God) and they help him to create material world with Maya as their main contributor. The material world is composed of Panchatattva viz. Akasha, Vayu, Tejas, Apas, Prithvi and Triguna viz. Sattva, Rajas and Tamas.
Mahanubhava teachings mainly concerned with the relationship between Jiva and Paramesvara. One can practice bhakti by memorising deeds of the almighty. The aspirant for salvation must sacrifice his country, village and his relations and offer his life to god. Chakradhara also taught the followers of Mahanubhava Sampradaya; when, where, how and how much alms they should be beg for.
Mahanubhava philosophy states that only Paramesvara can give Moksha (ultimate salvation from the cycle of birth and death) to every living creature in the material world. Jiva therefore should worship only Paramesvara rather than minor deities or nature spirits. Mahanubhavas worship Paramesvara in the form of its five Avatara (incarnations) to personify its original Nirguna (indeterminate) form. One of the most important aspects of Mahanubhava philosophy is asceticism. The fourfold teachings are: non-violence, celibacy, asceticism and bhakti. The essential concept to be included in the reverence for 5 incarnations is memorising the several aspects of them, i.e. name, appearance or form, activities, deeds, words spoken by them (Shruti), memories about them (Smriti) and blessings given by them. Other beliefs involved in Mahanubhava doctrine are Nitya Puja of Panchavatara for 3 times every day and recitation of the names of Panchavatara. Mahanubhava followers also do Smarana (remembrance) of the five incarnations including incidents and objects related to their lives as well as the places connected with them. Mahanubhava followers visit pilgrimage sites like Ruddhipur (Ridhapur), Jalicha dev, Domegram, Paithan, Mahur, Phaltan and Panchaleshwar.V. B. Kolte, Mahanubhava Tattvadnyana (महानुभाव तत्त्वज्ञान), Arun Prakashan, Malkapur, 1956.
The central theme of Mahanubhava doctrine is, "Feel the soul and not the body". Living the life of mendicant and practicing asceticism severely, the devotee should live according to principle, "God is mine and I am god's". The core of his code of behavior is summed up in the following line for the benefit of his followers: "Even if the head is cut off, the body should worship god".
Besides teaching strict vegetarianism, Mahanubhava Pantha forbids the use of alcohol and teaches non-violence. Theft, gambling, hunting, promiscuity etc. are strictly prohibited and considered as great sins. Mahanubhava doctrine rejects Vedic rituals but not the Vedic philosophy. Mahanubhavas follow the teachings of Shri Chakradhar Swami. Mahanubhavas totally reject the caste system, hegemony of Varna and any kind of social discrimination. They believe that every person has right to attain Moksha, regardless of varna and castes.
Development of Mahanubhava philosophy may have started in the 12th century during the lifetime of Chakrapani Prabhu. Chakradhar Swami officially described it in a well-integrated manner in the latter half of the 13th century
Literature
Mahanubhava literature generally comprises rhetoric and commentaries. Mahanubhavas authored numerous treatise that describe about the 5 incarnations of god, they compiled various hagiographies and wrote memoirs about the history of the sect. Mahanubhavas composed numerous literary works in Marathi during the medieval period like commentaries on Bhagavad Gita, Leela Charitra and Sutrapatha; epics narrating stories from the life of Shri Krishna; various reference works viz. lexicons, chronicles, biographies, itineraries and genealogies. Mahanubhava Marathi literature covered various literary forms like anecdotes, allegories, ballads, prayers, hymns, verses as well as chants. Mahanubhava writers wrote grammatical and etymological works related to the Old Marathi language. They also wrote many treatise based on the Puranas, that are deemed useful to explain the philosophy of Mahanubhava Sampradaya. The Mahanubhava were the earliest writers to use Marathi as a literary language. Mahanubhavas can be called as the pioneers of Marathi prose; they introduced many prose forms in Marathi for the first time. Prose literature in Old Marathi was almost exclusively composed by the Mahanubhava writers. The Mahanubhavas have contributed enormously to the Old Marathi literature. Purest form of Marathi language can be seen everywhere in the Mahanubhava literature. Marathi is the liturgical language for Mahanubhavas. Non-Marathi speaking Mahanubhavas also read Sutras in Marathi and chant Marathi prayers.
Leela Charitra (Lilacharitra) is thought to be one of the earliest biographies written in Marathi language. The Lilacharaitra is the first scripture of Mahanubhava Sampradaya, it was composed by Mhaimbhat. Mhaimbhat's second important literacy creation was Shri Govindaprabhucharitra or Ruddhipurcharitra, a biography of Swami's guru, Shri Govinda Prabhu, in the form of 325 deeds. This was probably written in 1288, soon after the death of Shri Prabhu.
Apart from Lilacharitra, Keshavaraja Suri (Keshiraja Vyasa) also known as Kesobas, collected Chakradhara's aphoristic Vachana or actually spoken words, known as Siddhanta Sutrapatha. Keshavaraja Suri translated the "deeds" from Lilacharitra into Sanskrit in his work called Ratnamala. His another work is Drushtantapatha which was composed in 1280 CE, similarly he has also written a Sanskrit version of it known as Drushtantastotram. Nagadevacharya as the first chief acharya of Sampradaya, encouraged many of his disciples and companions to compose treatise on the teachings of Sarvajna Chakradhara. memoirs of Nagadeva were compiled by Narendra, Malobas and Parasrambas in 1312 CE, they are known as Smrutisthala. Baidevabas wrote Pujavasara which describes the daily routine of Chakradhara.
In this manner, the seven works have been written, which are known as Sati Grantha and they are accepted by the follower of the sect. These works and their writers are: Narendra : Rukminiswayamvara (1292 CE) Bhāskarabhatta Borikar : Shishupalavadha (1312 CE) Bhāskarabhatta Borikar : Uddhavagita (1313 CE) Damodara Pandita : Vachhaharana (1316 CE) Ravalobas : Sahyadrivarnana (1353 CE) Narobas Bahahaliye : Ruddhipurvarnana (1418 CE) Vishwanatha Balapurkar : Jnanaprabodha (1418 CE)
Narendra and his brothers, Sala and Nrusinha were the court poets of Ramadevarao Yadava.V. B. Kolte, Rukminiswayamvara (रुक्मिणीस्वयंवर), Arun Prakashan, Malkapur, 1966, p.9. Damodara Pandita and Bhaskarabhatta Borikar (Kavishwarabas) were one of the earliest Mahanubhava poets. Mahadamba (also known as Mahadaisa) was the leading woman poet of Sampradaya and is considered as first known woman poet in Marathi language of the 13th century. Mahanubhava poetry is rich of various styles and metres. Many Mahanubhava poets have composed their works in Sanskrit as well.
During the later period, Hayagrivacharya wrote Gadyaraja based on the 'Dashama Skandha' of Bhagavata. Pandita Bhishmamuni wrote the oldest available grammar of Old Marathi language known as Panchavartika in the 14th century. Nyayabas wrote Hetusthala (purpose of the deeds) on Lilacharitra and Bhishmacharya Vaindeshkar wrote Niruktashesha describing Prasanga Mahatmya in Lilacharitra during the second half of the 14th century. Itineraries like Sthanapothi and Tirthamalika were composed between 14th and 15th centuries. A Gujarati acharya called Gurjara Shivabas compiled 3 commentaries on Siddhanta Sutrapatha during the 15th century; their names are Acharasthala, Vicharasthala and Lakshanasthala. He also wrote Mahavakyaprameya and Thorli Prasadaseva. Songobas (Sangapala), nephew of Gurjara Shivabas wrote Anvayasthala describing the history of Mahanubhava tradition till his era with the help of Siddhante Haribas. Medieval Mahanubhava writers composed many prose works and philosophical texts in Marathi language. Chalhana, one of the most prominent Mahanubhava writers of 15th century wrote the masterpieces like Sattvanuvada, Jnanaprakasha and Shastrasambodhini Tika. His disciple Nrusinha Pandita wrote Sanketagita. Anantamuni Karanjkar aka Aemuni, who was from Kavishwar Amnaya (lineage) composed most celebrated Vruddhachara (reminiscences) of Sampradaya. Further, many Mahanubhava philosophers wrote commentaries on Siddhanta Sutrapatha like Vishwanathabas Bidkar wrote Acharaband, Avadhutamuni Vaindeshkar wrote Vicharaband and Dattaraja Marathe wrote Lakshanaband.