This is a compendium of information on springs in Travis County, Texas, especially those with prehistoric or historic links to Texas Native Americans. Information is based primarily on Gunnar Brune's report to the Texas Water Development Board, "Major and Historical Springs of Texas",Brune, Gunnar, (1975) "Major and Historical Springs of Texas", Report 189, Texas Water Development Board. The report is available on the Texas Water Development Board website at www.twdb.texas.gov. The report states, "Authorization for use or reproduction of any original material contained in this publication … is freely granted." and his book, Springs of Texas.Brune, Gunnar (2002), Springs of Texas, Volume 1, Texas A&M University Press, 2002. Travis County is covered on pages 430-436. Additional sources are cited with associated springs.

As Brune noted in his report to the Texas Water Development Board, "Springs have been very important to Texas from the time of its first inhabitants. Many battles were fought between the pioneers and Indians for possession of springs." Understanding these springs is important to understanding Travis County from the perspective of those first inhabitants, the Texas Indians: where they camped, the trails they used.

Springs are listed alphabetically.

Barton Springs Barton Springs refers to at least five groups of springs, including Upper, Main, Upper Left Bank, Lower Left Bank, and Old Mill or Walsh Spring (the farthest downstream). This was a gathering place for the Caddo, Tonkawa, Apache and Comanche people. An old Comanche trail from Bandera County to Nacogdoches passed here. The early settlers had a trading post at the springs. Early Spanish explorers wrote that in 1714 wild horses were numerous. Three Spanish missions were located here from 1730 to 1731. Early in the 1880s a fort was located at the springs. This was also a stop on the Chisholm Trail from 1867 to 1895. Located at 2201 Barton Springs Road, Austin. (30.2638194, -97.7713947)

Cold and Deep Eddy Springs Brune's report says these include at least seven springs. Many Native projectile points and tools have been found at the springs and in Bat Cave downstream and Bee Cave just upstream. An old Comanche trail from Bandera County to Nacogdoches passed the springs. Only two springs are now above the level of Lady Bird Lake. Brune says the springs are near Valley Springs Road (a bit upstream from Deep Eddy Pool) in Austin (30.2799298,- 97.7800062).

Coleman Springs These were the springs located at Fort Colorado, also known as Coleman's Fort. Brune's book states that soldiers from the fort used the water from the spring between 1836 and 1838, and it was also a favorite Indian campground in earlier days. A historical marker located near the springs was erected by the State of Texas in 1936 and reads: "Site of Fort Colorado (Also called Coleman's Fort) June, 1836 - November, 1838. Established and first commanded by Colonel Robert M. Coleman. Succeeded by Capt. Michael Andrews And Capt. William M. Eastland. An extreme frontier outpost occupied by Texas Rangers to protect Anglo-American civilization from savage Indians in this vicinity." The springs are now located on land associated with the Austin Wildlife Rescue, at 5401 E Martin Luther King Jr Boulevard, Austin (30.285276,-97.674621).

Levi Spring Rock shelter with associated springs along Lick Creek, a tributary of the Pedernales River, near Hamilton Pool and Westcave Springs. Artifacts at this site date to Clovis and Plainview cultures, possibly older, i.e. 10,000+ years old.Herbert L. Alexander, Jr., "The Levi Site: A Paleo-Indian Campsite in Central Texas," American Antiquity 28, 1963 Located about 1.2 kilometers south of the intersection of Highway 71 and 2322 (30.375187,-98.087891).

Manchaca Springs Several springs on a small tributary of Onion Creek. The springs were named for Colonel Jose Menchaca of the Army of the Texas Republic. In 1709 the Spanish expedition under Espinosa, Olivares, and Aguirre is believed to have stopped here. That the Spanish were camping at Manchaca Springs is because it was on a branch of the Camino Real leading into Austin before turning east to Nacogdoches.McGraw, A. Joaquin, John W. Clark, J.R.; and Elizabeth A. Robbins, Editors. A Texas Legacy, the Old San Antonio Road and El Caminos Reales: A Tricentennial History, 1691-1991. Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation. Austin, 1991. This branch is called Camino Real de los Tejas. See page 187. The Spanish usually followed pre-established Native trails, and Brune's book states, "Many projectile points have been found here." Later the springs would be utilized again, this time by followers of the Chisholm Trail from 1867 to 1895. In 1840, seeking retribution for the Council House Fight of 1840 in San Antonio, a large group of Penateka Comanche mounted the "Great Raid of 1840", said to be the largest raid ever mounted by Indians against cities in the United States, namely Victoria and Linnville, Texas (at the time, Texas was still an independent republic). James Wilson Nichols' account of the raid states that Comanches en route to Victoria and Linnville "emerged from the mountains into the prairie near the Manchac (sic) Springs in Hays County".Nichols, James Wilson. Now You Hear My Horn; the Journal of James Wilson Nichols, 1820-1887. Austin: University of Texas, 1968. Natives – presumably Comanche – passing the springs en route to and from the "mountains" of the Colorado River is a theme in other tales about Manchaca Springs. Wilbarger tells of an encounter at the springs between Texans and Native people in 1844 when a "party of Indians .. came down from the Colorado mountains .. where they succeeded in stealing a large number of valuable horses." On their return to the mountains, the Natives "camped for the night at or near a noted watering place known as the Manchaca Springs." Texans under the command of Captain Wiley Hill attacked their camp the next morning. The Indians were eventually able to make good an escape back to the mountains, and the Texans returned to Manchaca Springs where they retrieved their horses, plus the Natives' "camp equipage".Wilbarger, J. W. Indian Depredations in Texas. Austin, TX: Hutchings Printing House, 1889. John Holland Jenkins recounts another encounter between Texans trying to retrieve stolen horses, led by Captain Gillespie, attacking Indians camped at "Manshak Springs", "Manshak" being the common pronunciation of Manchaca.John Holland Jenkins, Recollections of Early Texas, ed. John H. Jenkins III (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1958; rpt. 1973) Texans didn't always fare well when encountering Indians at the springs. In 1845 two pioneer German Texan authors, Friedrich Wilhelm von Wrede Sr. and Oscar von Claren, were killed and scalped by Indians at Manchaca Springs. Both were buried there by United States soldiers, who gave them military honors."Pioneer German authors killed by Indians", Handbook of Texas Online, http://www.tshaonline.org/day-by-day/31077 Brune's book locates the springs on private property, near Buda (as opposed to Manchaca), half a kilometer west of I-35, just north of the Hays County line. Today County Road 117, Old San Antonio Road, passes near and over part of the spring's drainage near the Hays and Travis County line (30.101939,-97.814569)

Hamilton Pool At the writing of Brune's Springs of Texas, the springs were owned by Eugene Reimer, but are now within the Hamilton Pool Preserve, part of the larger Balcones Canyonlands National Wildlife Refuge, owned and managed by Travis County. Following archaeological studies done in the late 1980s, the Hamilton Pool Preserve was designated as a state archaeology landmark.Robinson, David G., and Solveig A. Turpin. Cultural Resource Investigations at Hamilton Pool County Park, Travis County, Texas. Austin: Texas Archaeological Survey, University of Texas at Austin, 1986 The Travis County Parks webpage says cultural remains date back over 8,000 years. Elaine Perkins says that the pool had long been a camping place for Native people, and in the early days an old Indian trail led down to the pool. Bernhard "B.J." Reimer, who "discovered" the Hamilton Pool in 1898, remembered when "Old-timers" said "300 Indians lived here and used this place for a trail post. It was also a fortress against intruders."Perkins, Elaine. A Hill Country Paradise? Travis County and Its Early Settlers. iUniverse publishing, 2012 Perkins also states, "At the time of the Civil War .. it was still a spiritual meeting place for Indians, as well as a hiding place for Unionists," i.e. those Texans opposing secession from the Union needing to take refuge from pro-secessionists. Located at Hamilton Pool Nature Preserve, 24300 Hamilton Pool Road, Dripping Springs, Texas (30.342348,-98.126879).

Hornsby Springs Brune's book says, "They were the scene of an Indian campsite in prehistoric times. In 1830 Reuben Hornsby built a cabin here, beginning what was later called the Hornsby's Bend settlement." Brune locates the springs three kilometers south of Lake Walter E. Long, on private property, which is the general vicinity of the Reuben Hornsby historical marker, on Webberville Road, 0.2 miles east of Farm to Market Road 9737 (30.255071,-97.608478). That marker reads, "Reuben Hornsby, 1793-1879, First Settler in Travis County. Surveyor with Stephen F. Austin's Little Colony. He surveyed the site of this settlement in 1830. In July 1832 with his family he established his home at this place, since called Hornsby's Bend."

Pecan Springs The springs where Josiah P. WilbargerJosiah Wilbarger was the brother of author J.W. Wilbarger and his surveying party were attacked by Indians in 1833. Location is near 5020 Manor Road, Austin (30.298074,-97.688586).

Santa Monica or Sulphur Springs Brune says these springs were once the basis for Comanche and Tonkawa campgrounds. Gelo called them "a watering place" for the Comanche.Gelo, Daniel J. "'Comanche Land and Ever Has Been'": A Native Geography of the Nineteenth-Century Comanchería." The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 103.3 (2000) They are about south of Comanche Peak and Defeat Hollow, the location of an encounter between Joel Harris, an early settler to Hudson Bend, and Native people, probably Comanche. The springs were also a favorite resort for early Austinites, and the waters were bottled and highly valued for medicinal purposes. It is worth noting that the federal Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) has an incorrect location for the springs, showing them in the Steiner Ranch neighborhood by the lake. The springs were in fact on the edge of the Colorado River, and now beneath Lake Austin, located across from what is now Commons Ford Ranch Metropolitan Park in Austin.Hill, Robert Thomas. Geologic Atlas of the United States: Austin Folio, Texas. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey, 1902 (30.343658,-97.88892)

Seiders Springs