__NOTOC__ This is a timeline of Belgian history, including important legal and territorial changes and political events in Belgium and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Belgium. See also the list of Belgian monarchs.

Centuries BC: 1st Centuries AD: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st Further: See also References Further reading

1st century BC Year Date Event 57 BC Roman General Julius Caesar invades and conquers the lands of the Belgae: Battle of the Sabis; Siege of the Atuatuci 56 BC Julius Caesar campaigns unsuccessfully against the coastal tribes of the Morini and Menapii.Alain de Gueldre et al., Kroniek van België (Antwerp and Zaventem, 1987). 55 BC Julius Caesar subdues the Morini. 54–53 BC Ambiorix's revolt under Ambiorix and Cativolcus. 53–51 BC Punitive campaigns subdue Nervii and Treveri; exterminate Eburoni. 50 BC Julius Caesar completes writing Commentarii de Bello Gallico, his account of his campaigns in Gaul. 29 BC Marcus Nonius Gallus suppresses revolt among Treveri. 27 BC Augustus creates the province Gallia Belgica. ca. 15 BC Probable origins of the city of Tongeren. 12 BC Augusta Treverorum becomes a city. Nero Claudius Drusus, commander in chief of Roman forces in Gallia Belgica, has a series of canals dug in the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta. ca. 10 BC Probable origins of the city of Aarlen. 9 BC Nero Claudius Drusus dies after falling from his horse. Command of Rome's northern armies passes to Tiberius. 4 BC Monument honouring Tiberius erected in Bagacum.

1st century Year Date Event 13 Germanicus becomes commander of the Roman army of the Rhine. 16 Roman invasion of Germany under command of Germanicus launched from Fectio in Gallia Belgica. 19 10 October Death of Germanicus. 21 Treveri revolt at high taxes. 39 October Galba becomes commander of the armies in Lower Germany. 47 Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo becomes commander of the armies in Lower Germany. Orders canals dug in the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta. 47–48 Roman law replaces customary law in Gallia Belgica; druids outlawed; Gaulish aristocracy given senatorial rank. 69 January Armies of the Rhine proclaim Aulus Vitellius as emperor. July Batavian Revolt begins. 70 Treveri, Menapii, Nervii and Tungrii come out in support of the Batavian Revolt, some under compulsion. 77 Pliny the Elder starts writing his Historia Naturalis, book 4 of which contains a description of Gallia Belgica. ca. 85 Northern border fortified with series of castra. ca. 90 Domitian restructures provinces of the Roman Empire: Gallia Belgica divided into the provinces of Belgica Prima, Belgica Secunda, Germania Superior and Germania Inferior.

2nd century Year Date Event 172–174 Chauci launch maritime raids on the coasts of Gallia Belgica.Fred Stevens and Axel Tixhon, L'Histoire de la Belgique pour les nuls (Paris, 2010), p. 31.

3rd century Year Date Event286 Carausius, a Menapian general in the Roman army, declares himself emperor of Britain and Gaul.Henri Pirenne, Geschiedenis van België, vol. 1 (Ghent, 1902).293 Death of Carausius, brings the end of the Carausian revolt 3 years later.

4th century Year Date Event 343 Servatius, bishop of Tongeren, attends the Council of Serdica. 357 Land south of the Rhine delta ceded to Frankish foederati 359 Servatius, bishop of Tongeren, attends the Council of Ariminum.

5th century Year Date Event 431 Salian Franks take possession of Tournai. c. 481 Childeric I buried in Tournai.

6th century Year Date Event 561 Sigebert I inherits the Frankish kingdom of Austrasia.

7th century Year Date Event 659 17 March Death of Gertrude of Nivelles 679 Death of Amandus. 23 December Murder of Dagobert II in the Ardennes Forest. 687 Pepin of Herstal and his wife Plectrude found what will become the Abbey of Saint-Hubert.J. Dury and J.-P. Delville, "Liège, 2: L’expansion généralisée du christianisme (viie siècle)", in Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. 32 (Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2015), 150–151. 693 17 December Death of Begga.

8th century Year Date Event 705 17 September Death of Lambert of Maastricht: murdered at a site that would become Liège.J. Keunen, "Lambertus", Nationaal Biografisch Woordenboek, vol. 3 (Brussels, 1968), 484–489. 717 See of Maastricht moved to the location of Lambert of Maastricht's murder, now Liège. 727 30 May Death of Hubertus, Bishop of Liège. 748 2 April Birth of Charlemagne, first Holy Roman Emperor.Janet Nelson, King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne (London, Allen Lane, 2019), p. 24.

9th century Year Date Event 819 13 April Louis the Pious confirms the liberties granted to St Bavo's Abbey by Charlemagne (oldest extant original charter in a Belgian archive).C. Vleeschouwers, "Diploma van keizer Lodewijk de Vrome voor de Sint-Baafsabdij te Gent, 819", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 3–6. 820 First recorded Viking raid on the Flemish coast. 825 30 September The remains of St Hubert (died 727) installed in the monastery that would become the Abbey of Saint-Hubert.P. Bertrand, "Hubert (Saint)", in Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. 25 (Paris: Letouzey et Ané, 1995), 23–24. 843 August Treaty of Verdun divides the Carolingian Empire between the three sons of Louis the Pious: Lothair I, Louis the German and Charles the Bald, creating the kingdom of Middle Francia (including most of the Low Countries) for Lothair and assigning Flanders to Charles the Bald. 850 Norsemen raid Flanders. 855 September Treaty of Prüm divides Middle Francia into the Kingdom of Lotharingia (including most of the Low Countries), the Kingdom of Provence and the Kingdom of Italy. 861 Norsemen raid Flanders. 864 Norsemen raid Flanders. 870 August Treaty of Meerssen partitions Lotharingia (including most of the Low Countries) between East Francia (Germany) and West Francia (France). 879 Norsemen raid Taxandria. 880 Norsemen raid Tournaisis. 881 Norsemen plunder Cambrai and encamp near Maastricht, extorting tribute from Maastricht, Tongeren, Liège, Sint-Truiden, Malmedy, Stavelot, and Prüm. 891 September or October Norse invaders defeated in Battle on the Dijle. 895 Holy Roman Emperor Arnulf of Carinthia appoints his illegitimate son Zwentibold as king of Lotharingia. 900 13 August Zwentibold slain by Count Reginar I of Hainault; Lotharingia reincorporated into East Francia.

10th century Year Date Event 908 Bishop of Liège granted right to levy a toll in Maastricht. 910 Count Reginar I of Hainault appointed margrave of Lotharingia; historically regarded as the first Duke of Lorraine. 915 Death of Reginar, Duke of Lorraine, at his palace in Meerssen; succeeded by his son Giselbert. 918 10 September Death of Baldwin II, Margrave of Flanders at Blandijnberg; succeeded by his son Arnulf. 925 Henry the Fowler invades Lotharingia and receives oaths of loyalty from the local aristocracy. 936 7 August Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine, attends the coronation of Otto I in Aachen. 939 2 October Battle of Andernach: death of Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine; end of independence of Lotharingia (referred to as "Belgica" in the 10th-century histories of Richer of Rheims).Richerus of Rheims, Histoire de son temps, edited by G.-H. Pertz, translated and annotated by J. Guadet, vol. 1 (Paris, 1845), pp. 72, 82. around 940 Saint-Ghislain Abbey reformed by Gérard of Brogne 948 Death of Isaac, Count of Cambrai; powers of count transferred to Fulbert, Bishop of Cambrai. 953 Bruno the Great, Archbishop of Cologne, appointed Duke of Lotharingia. 954 Hungarian attackers raid Lower Lotharingia, besiege Cambrai. 959 Bruno the Great divides Lotharingia into Upper Lotharingia (the later Duchy of Lorraine) and Lower Lotharingia (the later Duchy of Lothier).Michel Parisse, "Lotharingia", in New Cambridge Medieval History, edited by Timothy Reuter, vol. 3 (Cambridge, 1999). 3 October Death of Gérard of Brogne. 964 Godfrey I, Duke of Lower Lorraine, dies in Italy; no immediate successor. 965 28 March Death of Arnulf I, Count of Flanders; succession of Arnulf II, Count of Flanders 2 June Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, confirms Godfrey of Lower Lotharingia's gift to Saint-Ghislain Abbey of 18 mansi of land in Villers-Saint-Ghislain.D. Van Overstraeten, "Diploma van keizer Otto I voor de abdij van Saint-Ghislain, 965", tr. C. Vleeschouwers, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 10–13. 11 October Death of Bruno the Great, Duke of Lotharingia. 966 5 May Lothar, King of the Franks, confirms the possessions of St. Peter's Abbey, Ghent, including those bequeathed by Arnulf I, Count of Flanders, and contested by his heirs.G. Maréchal, "Bekrachtiging van de goederen van de Gentse Sint-Pietersabdij", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 10–13. 968 Richar, Count of Mons, appointed Duke of Lower Lotharingia. 972 October Richar, Duke of Lower Lotharingia, dies; no immediate successor. 977 Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor, appoints Charles, brother of Lothair of France, as Duke of Lower Lotharingia. 980 Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor, confirms all previous endowments to Notker, Bishop of Liège, and issues a general immunity for the bishopric's lands: beginning of the establishment of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège. 985 Otto III, King of Germany, endows Notker, Bishop of Liège, with the County of Huy: full establishment of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège. 987 30 March Death of Arnulf II, Count of Flanders; succession of Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders. 990 Death of Hildegard of Flanders, daughter of Arnulf II, Count of Flanders, and wife of Dirk II, Count of Holland.

11th century