Iḍāfah () is the Arabic grammatical construct case, mostly used to indicate possession.
Iḍāfah basically entails putting one noun after another: the second noun specifies more precisely the nature of the first noun. In forms of Arabic which mark grammatical case, this second noun must be in the genitive case. The construction is typically equivalent to the English construction "(noun) of (noun)". It is a very widespread way of forming possessive constructions in Arabic,Karin C. Ryding, A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 205-24 [§8.1]. and is typical of a Semitic language.Adam Pospíšil, 'The Idafa construction in Arabic and its morphosyntactic behaviour' (unpublished BA thesis, Univerzita Karlova v Praze, 2015), §7.1. Simple examples include: "the house of peace". "a kilo of bananas". "the daughter of Hasan/Hasan's daughter". "the house of a man/a man's house". "the house of the man/the man's house".
Terminology
The Arabic grammatical terminology for this construction derives from the verb ʼaḍāfa "he added, attached", verb form IV from the hollow root ḍ y f.Hans Wehr, Dictionary of Modern Standard Arabic: ḍāfaFaruk Abu-Chacra, Arabic: An Essential Grammar: p. 61 The whole phrase consisting of a noun and a genitive is known in Arabic as ("annexation, addition") and in English as the "genitive construct", "construct phrase", or "annexation structure". The first term in the pair is called "the thing annexed". The first term governs (i.e. is modified by) the second term, referred to as "the thing added to".Karin C. Ryding, A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 205 [§8.1].
Kinds of relationship expressed
The range of relationships between the first and second elements of the idafah construction is very varied, though usually consists of some relationship of possession or belonging.Karin C. Ryding, A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 206-11 [§8.1.1]. In the case of words for containers, the iḍāfah may express what is contained: "a cup of coffee". The iḍāfah may indicate the material something is made of: "a wooden ring, ring made of wood". In many cases the two members become a fixed coined phrase, the idafah being used as the equivalent of a compound noun used in some Indo-European languages such as English. Thus can mean "house of the (certain, known) students", but is also the normal term for "the student hostel".
Forming iḍāfah constructions
First term The first term in iḍāfah has the following characteristics:Karin C. Ryding, A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 211-12 [§8.1.2.1]. It must be in the construct state: that is, it does not have the definite article or any nunation (any final ), or any possessive pronoun suffix. When using a pronunciation that generally omits cases (), the () of any term in the construct state must always be pronounced with a (after ) when spoken, e.g. "Ahmad's aunt". It can be in any case: this is determined by the grammatical role of the first term in the sentence where it occurs.
Second term The second term in iḍāfah has the following characteristics when it is a noun:Karin C. Ryding, A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 212-13 [§8.1.2.2]. It must be in the genitive case. It is marked as definite (with the definite article) or indefinite (with nunation, in those varieties of Arabic that use it), and can take a possessive pronoun suffix. The definiteness or indefiniteness of the second term determines the definiteness of the entire iḍāfah phrase.
Three or more terms iḍāfah constructions of multiple terms are possible, and in such cases, all but the final term are in the construct state, and all but the first member are in the genitive case. For example: "the theft of the passport [literally "license of journey"] of one of the athletes".Karin C. Ryding, A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 215-16 [§8.1.5].
Indicating definiteness in iḍāfah constructions
The iḍāfah construction as a whole is a noun phrase. It can be considered indefinite or definite only as a whole. An idafah construction is definite if the second noun is definite, by having the article or being the proper name of a place or person. The construction is indefinite if it the second noun is indefinite. Thus idafah can express senses equivalent to: 'the house of the director' ( ) 'a house of a director' ( ) But it cannot express a sense equivalent to 'the house of a director': this sense has to be expressed with a prepositional phrase, using a preposition such as . For example: (literally 'the house for/to a director').Adam Pospíšil, 'The Idafa construction in Arabic and its morphosyntactic behaviour' (unpublished BA thesis, Univerzita Karlova v Praze, 2015), §3.2.3. "Muhammad's big house, the big house of Muhammad" (idafah) "a big house of Muhammad's" (construction with )J. A. Haywood, H. M. Nahmad. A New Arabic Grammar of the Written Language. Pages 36-37.
Nominal sentences, noun-adjective phrases, and iḍāfah Iḍāfah constructions can typically be distinguished from nominal sentences () and from noun-adjective phrases () by the case ending of the as well as the definiteness of the nouns. +IḍāfahNominal sentenceNoun-adjective phrasebintu jamilatinal-bintu jamilatunbintun jamilatunthe daughter of JamilaThe girl is beautiful.a beautiful girl
Adjectives and other modifiers in iḍāfah
Nothing (except a demonstrative determiner) can appear between the two nouns in iḍāfah. If an adjective modifies the first noun, it appears at the end of the iḍāfah.
Modifying the first term
An adjective modifying the first noun appears at the end of the iḍāfah and agrees with the noun it describes in number, gender, case, and definiteness (the latter of which is determined by the last noun of the iḍāfah).Karin C. Ryding, A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 213 [§8.1.3.1]. +first word: gender, case, numberstateArabic scripttransliterationtranslationfeminine nominative singularindefinite (no adjective) a toothbrush (literally "a brush of teeth")indefinite (adjective describing first noun) a big toothbrush (literally "a big brush of teeth")definite (no adjective)the toothbrush (literally "brush of the teeth")definite (adjective describing first noun) the big toothbrush (literally "the big brush of the teeth")masculine nominative singularindefinite (no adjective)a dentist (literally "doctor of teeth")indefinite (adjective describing first noun)a big dentist (literally "a big doctor of teeth")definite (no adjective)the dentist (literally "doctor of the teeth")definite (adjective describing first noun)ٌthe big dentist (literally "the big doctor of the teeth")feminine nominative singularproper noun (no adjective)city of Chicago, the city of Chicagoproper noun (adjective describing first noun)the big city of Chicagomasculine nominative singularproper noun (no adjective)son of Ahmad, the son of Ahmadproper noun (adjective describing first noun)the old son of Ahmad, Ahmad's old son
Modifying the last term An adjective modifying the last term appears at the end of the iḍāfah and agrees with the noun it describes in number, gender, definiteness, and case (which is always genitive). second word (always genitive): gender, numberstateArabic scripttransliterationtranslationfeminine singularindefinite (no adjective) نَهْرُ مَدِينةٍnahr-u madīnat-ina river of a townindefinite (adjective describing last noun) نَهْرُ مَدِينةٍ جَمِيلةٍnahr-u madīnat-in jamīlat-ina river of a beautiful towndefinite (no adjective) نَهْرُ المَدِينةِnahr-u l-madīnat-ithe river of the towndefinite (adjective describing last noun) نَهْرُ المَدِينةِ الجَمِيلةِnahr-u l-madīnat-i l-jamīlat-ithe river of the beautiful townmasculine singularindefinite (no adjective) نَهْرُ بَلَدٍnahr-u balad-ina river of a countryindefinite (adjective describing last noun)نَهْرُ بَلَدٍ جَمِيلٍnahr-u balad-in jamīl-ina river of a beautiful countrydefinite (no adjective) نَهْرُ البَلَدِnahr-u l-balad-ithe river of the countrydefinite (adjective describing last noun) نَهْرُ البَلَدِ الجَمِيلِnahr-u l-balad-i l-jamīl-ithe river of the beautiful country
Modifying both terms If both terms in the iḍāfah are modified, the adjective modifying the last term is set closest to the iḍāfah, and the adjective modifying the first term is set further away.Karin C. Ryding, A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 214 [§8.1.3.3]. For example:
Iḍāfah constructions using pronouns
The possessive suffix can also take the place of the second noun of an construction, in which case it is considered definite. Indefinite possessed nouns are also expressed via a preposition. Person Singular Dual Plural 1st (poss.) (obj.) 2nd masculine feminine 3rd masculine feminine
Variant forms For all but the first person singular, the same forms are used regardless of the part of speech of the word attached to. In the third person masculine singular, occurs after the vowels u or a (), while occurs after i or y (). The same alternation occurs in the third person dual and plural. "her friend" "her new friend" "a friend of hers" "a new friend of hers"
In the first person singular, however, the situation is more complicated; "my" is attached to nouns. In the latter case, is attached to nouns whose construct state ends in a long vowel or diphthong (e.g. in the sound masculine plural and the dual), while is attached to nouns whose construct state ends in a short vowel, in which case that vowel is elided (e.g. in the sound feminine plural, as well as the singular and broken plural of most nouns). Furthermore, of the masculine sound plural is assimilated to before (presumably, of masculine defective -an plurals is similarly assimilated to ). Examples: From "book", pl (most of nouns in general). Person Singular Plural Nominative Accusative Genitive From "word" (nouns ending on ), pl or . Person Singular Plural Nominative Accusative Genitive From "world"; "hospital" (nouns ending on ـَا ـًا ـَى ـًى). Person Singular Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive From nom. dual "teachers", acc./gen. dual (dual nouns) Person Dual Nominative Accusative Genitive From nom. pl. "teachers", acc./gen. pl. (regular plural ـُون nouns) Person Plural Nominative Accusative Genitive From pl. "chosen" (regular plural ـَوْن nouns) Person Plural Nominative Accusative Genitive From "judge" (active participle nouns ending on ـٍ as nominative) Person Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive From "father", long construct form (long construct nouns) Person Singluar Nominative Accusative Genitive From any nouns ending on ـُو , ـَو or ـِي (more commonly loanwords). Person Singluar Nominative Accusative Genitive From any nouns ending on ـَي (more commonly loanwords). Person Singluar Nominative Accusative Genitive
Pronominal nouns in most of Arabic dialects Person Singular Plural 1st (poss.) (obj.) 2nd masculine feminine 3rd masculine feminine
From "book", pl (most of nouns in general). Person Singular Plural 1st 2nd masculine feminine 3rd masculine feminine
From "word" (nouns ending on ة). Person Singular Plural 1st 2nd masculine feminine 3rd masculine feminine
From "world" Person Singular Plural 1st 2nd 3rd masculine feminine
From "father" Person Singular Plural 1st 2nd 3rd masculine feminine
References