Mozgovoy or Mozgovoi () is a Russian masculine surname; its feminine counterpart is Mozgovaya or Mozgovaia (Russian: ). Notable people with the surname include:
Aleksey Mozgovoy (1975–2015), pro-Russian separatist leader in the Lugansk Republic Bogdan Mozgovoi (born 2000), a Russian Paralympic swimmer Mykola Mozhovyy (1947–2010), Ukrainian and Soviet composer, producer, and songwriter Natasha Mozgovaya (born 1979), an American-Israeli journalist