Xenurolebias is a genus of fish in the family Rivulidae. These annual killifish are endemic to temporary pools in the Atlantic forest near the coast in southeast Bahia and Espírito Santo, Brazil.Costa, W.J.E.M. & Amorim, P.F. (2014): Integrative taxonomy and conservation of seasonal killifishes, Xenurolebias (Teleostei: Rivulidae), and the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Systematics and Biodiversity, 12 (3): 350-365.
They are small fish, up to in total length. As typical of killifish, males are more colorful than females.
Species Xenurolebias was formerly regarded as a subgenus of Simpsonichthys.
There are currently 4 recognized species in Xenurolebias:
Xenurolebias cricarensis W. J. E. M. Costa, 2014 Xenurolebias izecksohni da Cruz, 1983 Xenurolebias myersi A. L. de Carvalho, 1971 Xenurolebias pataxo W. J. E. M. Costa, 2014
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