The Islamic State (IS), a Sunni Islamist and extremist terrorist group, performed beheadings for capital punishment and propaganda purposes. The beheadings received significant worldwide media coverage and attracted widespread condemnation from both governments and Islamic leaders worldwide. IS beheadings peaked in 2014 and 2015—then concentrated in Iraq and the Levant—and steadily declined as the group lost its territories. However, the practice has persisted or appeared in other regions, most notably in Northern Mozambique.
Background
According to historian Ibrahim al-Marashi, modern beheadings as part of terror campaigns began during the war in Chechnya with decapitations of Russian soldiers. The beheading of Daniel Pearl, at the behest of Al-Qaeda in Pakistan, was one of the first to generate worldwide outrage. The antecedents of the Islamic State, led by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, began "routinised" beheadings after the start of the Iraq War in 2003. Al-Zarqawi's group targeted foreign nationals, most famously Nick Berg, and embarked on a wider campaign of beheadings against captured Muslims. Al-Marashi stated that the motivating factors for these early beheadings were to discourage foreign nations from deploying troops in Iraq, to prevent companies from investing in post-war Iraq, and to intimidate local Muslims. After Barack Obama launched Operation Timber Sycamore to arm Syrian rebels during the Syrian Civil War, Sunni extremist groups dramatically increased their use of beheading as a terror method.
Islamic State's justifications or reasons for beheadings On 12 August 2014, prior to the 2014–2015 wave of IS beheadings of Westerners and Japanese, IS members sent an email to the family of American hostage James Foley stating that American hostages would be killed in retaliation for: the 8 August 2014 beginning of the American-led intervention in northern Iraq; U.S. incarceration of Pakistani Muslim woman Aafia Siddiqui; the U.S. and its government having "no motivation to deal with the Muslims except with the language of force".
According to historian al-Marashi, IS uses beheadings of locals to intimidate people, including their own soldiers, into obeying the dictates of a weak state. Beheadings of Westerners are designed to strike back at the United Kingdom and the United States for military actions that IS has no other way of responding to. "With an act of a sword, they manage to force both [American President] Obama and [British Prime Minister] Cameron to react. The two men, who control the world's most advanced militaries, find themselves at the mercy of the sword. Both displayed physical pain and grief when they condemned the way their nationals died." says al-Marashi.
"Terror marketing" to recruit new fighters is another motivation, according to Paul Cruickshank, a terrorism analyst for CNN. "Some of these men have sort of a pornographic attraction to these violent scenes, these violent beheading videos. It really sort of energizes them", Cruickshank told The Atlantic.
List of incidents
EventDate(approx.)Number killed(approx.)Description Syrian soldiers 75 Photos of the beheadings of a number of Syrian soldiers were posted by IS members to social media on July 25, 2014. The reports said that up to 75 Syrian soldiers from a captured base were beheaded with their heads and bodies displayed along the streets. James Foley 1 James Wright Foley (October 18, 1973 August 19, 2014) was an American freelance journalist and photojournalist of the Syrian Civil War when he was abducted on November 22, 2012, in northwestern Syria. Foley was the first American citizen to be killed by "Jihadi John". His beheading by IS received wide condemnation in the United States. Ali al-Sayyed 1 Lebanese Army Sergeant Ali al-Sayyed (July 15, 1985 August 28, 2014) was beheaded following his capture by IS during the Battle of Arsal. IS member Abu Musaab Hafid al-Baghdadi posted pictures of the beheading on Twitter. The beheading sparked public outrage in Lebanon. Al-Sayyed's body was delivered to Lebanese authorities on September 1; DNA analysis the following day confirmed his identity. His funeral ceremony was held on September 3, with family, friends, members of the public, comrades, and Lebanese Army Commander Gen. Jean Kahwaji. Kurdish soldier 1 An unidentified Kurdish fighter was beheaded following capture. Twenty three other captive soldiers were seen in the video but were not beheaded. Steven Sotloff 1 Steven Joel Sotloff (May 11, 1983 – September 2, 2014) was an Israeli-American journalist for Time magazine and The Jerusalem Post, although the Post disavowed any relationship once Sotloff's life was threatened. In 2013, he was kidnapped in Aleppo, Syria. On September 2, 2014, a video was released purporting to show "Jihadi John" beheading Sotloff. Abbas Medlej 1 Lebanese Army soldier Abbas Medlej is believed to have been beheaded following an attempted escape from his captors, where he fired upon his captors, according to comments made by an IS Leader on the Turkish Anatolia news channel. Abbas Medlej was captured by IS during the Battle of Arsal. David Haines 1 David Haines (May 9, 1970 – September 13, 2014) was a British aid worker abducted in March 2013 while performing humanitarian aid work in Syria. Haines's family requested that his abduction be kept a secret. The abduction became public when Haines appeared in the purported Sotloff beheading video, being held by "Jihadi John" who threatened that Haines would be the next victim. The UK Foreign Office originally requested the British media to not publish Haines's identity, fearing for his safety, though the international press had published his name. A video of the lead-up to, and aftermath of, David Haines's beheading, entitled "A Message to the Allies of America", was released by IS on September 13, 2014. Family of Afghan Local Police 15 On September 20, 2014, local officials in the Ghazni Province of Afghanistan reported that Taliban insurgents from different regions of the country, led by camouflaged men wearing black masks, had captured several villages, set at least 60 homes on fire, killed more than 100 people, and beheaded fifteen family members of local police officers. The masked insurgents reportedly carried the black flag of IS, openly called themselves soldiers of Islamic State, and did not speak any local languages.
Deputy Police Chief General Asadullah Ensafi reported that Taliban ambushes stopped reinforcements from the Afghan National Army and provincial police from reaching the area. Afghan commandos inserted by helicopter were able to reinforce units already defending the area and the "immediate threat to district's center had been nullified." Hervé Gourdel 1 Hervé Gourdel (September 12, 1959 – September 24, 2014) was a French citizen and mountaineering guide. Gourdel was kidnapped on September 21, 2014, while hiking in the Djurdjura National Park in Algeria.
The following day, a recently formed IS affiliate in Algeria, Jund al-Khilafah, released a video which showed Hervé Gourdel being held hostage. The group threatened to kill Gourdel if the French government continued to conduct Opération Chammal. On September 24, they carried through on threats to behead him after a 24-hour deadline passed. The beheading was captured in a video titled "A Message of Blood for French Government".
The video is similar to other IS beheading videos. It opens with a news clip of French President François Hollande and a title screen. It then shows Hervé Gourdel handcuffed and kneeling in front of four armed masked men. After Gourdel delivers a statement, one of the militants reads a statement. In it he declares that this kidnapping and execution are in response to the order of IS spokesman Abu Mohammad al-Adnani to attack citizens of countries participating in the U.S.-led coalition against the Islamic State. Like the other IS beheading videos, it does not show the actual beheading, but the final scene does show Hervé Gourdel's dead body with his severed head in his lap, and then the fighters holding the head up. Kobane and Eastern Syria 10 On October 1, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that IS had beheaded 10 individuals near Kobane, Syria – two male and three female Kurdish fighters, four Syrian Arab rebels, and a male Kurdish civilian. "I don't know why they were arrested or beheaded. Only the Islamic State knows why. They want to scare people", according to Rami Abdulrahman, who also reported IS has used beheadings in eastern Syria to scare local leaders of Sunni Muslim tribes to withdraw from the battlefield. The beheadings are often carried out in public and the public is told that any violent or non-violent dissent will not be tolerated. Alan Henning 1 Alan Henning (August 15, 1967 – October 3, 2014) was a British humanitarian aid worker. Henning was the fourth Western hostage killed by IS. Henning was captured during IS's occupation of the Syrian city of Al-Dana in December 2013, where he was helping with humanitarian relief. The British Foreign Office withheld news of Henning's capture while they attempted to negotiate his release. Henning was shown at the end of David Haines's beheading video, released on September 13, 2014, and referred to by "Jihadi John" as the next victim. A video of Henning's beheading was released by IS on October 3, 2014. Baiji, Iraq 3 A security official in Baiji said three men were beheaded on October 10, 2014. Raad al-Azzawi and several others 5 Reporters Without Borders (RSF) and his family said that on September 7, 2014 IS seized, and on October 11 publicly beheaded, Raad al-Azzawi (or translated Azzaoui), 37, a TV Salaheddin cameraman from the village of Samra, east of Tikrit in Iraq. According to RSF, al-Azzawi was taken because he refused to work for IS. They also kidnapped and killed, possibly also by beheading, al-Azzawi's brother and several other civilians. In December 2013, IS militants had attacked al-Azzawi's TV station with suicide bombs, killing five journalists, after accusing the station of "distorting the image of Iraq's Sunni community". These actions were part of a widespread organized effort to control the press through violence. At about the same time, AP reported that IS beheaded a number of journalists in Syria.Peter Kassig 1 Kassig worked in Syria and Lebanon as a humanitarian worker and trained medical assistant. He aided Syrian refugees through Special Emergency Response and Assistance (SERA), a non-governmental organization he founded in the Fall of 2012 to provide refugees in Syria and Lebanon with medical assistance, supplies, clothing, and food.
On October 1, 2013, as he was on his way to Deir Ez-Zor in eastern Syria to deliver food and medical supplies to refugees, Kassig was taken captive by IS. He was kept in a cell with French journalist and British journalist John Cantlie, and beaten regularly. While in captivity, Kassig – formerly a Methodist – converted to Islam and changed his name to Abdul-Rahman Kassig, sometime between October and December 2013. On October 3, 2014, his parents released a video in which they stressed that his conversion to Islam was not forced, and that his path to conversion began before he was taken captive.
Kassig was named as the next victim to be beheaded in the video released by IS on October 3, 2014, which showed Alan Henning's beheading. On October 3, Kassig's family sent a video message to the Islamic State, asking for mercy for their son. Kassig's mother later tweeted an entreaty to the leader of the Islamic State over Twitter, asking to communicate with him; and Kassig's parents maintain Facebook and Twitter accounts.