Geosynchronous Space Situational Awareness Program (GSSAP) or Hornet is a class of United States spy satellites.
Missions AFSPC-4 (GSSAP-1 & 2)
The first two GSSAP spacecraft, GSSAP 1 (USA-253) and GSSAP 2 (USA-254) were launched in 2014. They were built by Orbital Sciences Corporation; their capabilities and development and construction budgets are classified. They operate in "near-geosynchronous orbit",Neighborhood watch in space, Aviation Week and Space Technology, 4 August 2014, p.12 The first launch was scheduled for 23 July 2014 aboard a United Launch Alliance Delta IV launch vehicle. Even during the testing process these satellites were pressed into early service to fulfill critical needs. In August 2023 the Space Systems Command announced the retirement of the GSSAP-2 satellite, the first of the constellation to be decommissioned, and its subsequent transfer into a graveyard orbit. AFSPC-6 (GSSAP-3 & 4)
GSSAP 3 (USA-270) and 4 (USA-271) satellites were launched on 19 August 2016. On 12 September 2017, both were declared operational. USA-270 approached two Chinese satellites in GEO to examine them more closely. In 2023, Chinese researchers reported having observed 13 other instances where US satellites approached Chinese ones. USSF-8 (GSSAP-5 & 6) Two more satellites (GSSAP-5 and GSSAP-6) have been successfully launched on 21 January 2022 by a Atlas V launch vehicle. USSF-87 (GSSAP-7 & 8) In August 2023 the Space Systems Command revealed that two more satellites have been ordered to Northrop Grumman to keep up with the demand for GSSAP assets. The launches of the new satellites were planned for 2024 and 2027 respectively, with the spacecraft being the first of the constellation not to be launched in pairs. GSSAP 7 and 8 have been successfully launched on the 12th of February 2026 by a ULA Vulcan VC4S. There was a possible leak from the SRB.
Future GSSAP 9 and 10 will follow in 2027.
Reactions The GSSAP satellites have a limit to the amount of maneuvering they can undertake, due to fuel supply limitations. In 2023 Aviation Week reported that Northrop Grumman had a contract to install hydrazine refueling valves in future satellites, to enable on-orbit refueling.
Chinese astronomers track GSSAP satellite movements, enabling the prediction of their observations. Chinese satellites have been observed changing orbital trajectories to observe GSSAP satellites or to make observation by GSSAP satellites more difficult.
Satellites NameNSSDC IDLaunch dateLauncherGSSAP 1, Hornet 1, USA 2532022-174A23 July 2014 23:28Delta IV 368GSSAP 2, Hornet 2, USA 2542022-174BGSSAP 3, Hornet 3, USA 2702016-052A19 August 2016 04:52Delta IV 375GSSAP 4, Hornet 4, USA 2712016-052BGSSAP 5, Hornet 5, USA 3242022-006A21 January 2022 19:00Atlas V AV-084GSSAP 6, Hornet 6, USA 3252022-006BGSSAP 7, Hornet 7, USSF 872026-029A12 February 2026 04:22Vulcan Centaur VC4S V005GSSAP 8, Hornet 8, USSF 872026-029BGSSAP 9, Hornet 92027GSSAP 10, Hornet 10
See also Combined Force Space Component Command
References