Haplogroup K2b (P331), also known as MPS is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. According to the age estimates of Tatiana Karafet et al. (2014), haplogroup K2b is around 50,000 years old, less than 3,000 years younger than K.
Origins Haplogroup K2b is a primary subclade of haplogroup K2. Due to its unusually wide and rapid geographical dispersal, with at least five primary subclades (including K2b) and its basal form (K2*),Basal K2* is now found among indigenous Australian men; the rare K2a* and K2a1 only among living males originating in South Asia and ancient remains from Eastern Europe; and the equally rare K2c, K2d, and K2e only among living males in Southeast Asia. haplogroup K2 probably emerged in close proximity to K* and K2b. According to the population geneticist Tatiana Karafet et al. (2014), the estimated dates for the branching of K, K2, K2b and P point to a "rapid diversification" within K2 "that likely occurred in Southeast Asia," with subsequent "westward expansions" of P1, Q and R.
Haplogroup K2b is a secondary subclade of haplogroup K-M9. Geneticist Spencer Wells had argued that because haplogroup K-M9 has a geographically wide distribution, the lineage may have originated near the central part of this range in the Middle East or Central Asia, perhaps in Iran or Pakistan. "Given the widespread distribution of K, it probably arose somewhere in the Middle East or Central Asia, perhaps in the region of Iran or Pakistan."
Basal paragroup K2b* has not been identified among living males, but was detected in the Tianyuan man found in China, an individual dated to the Upper Paleolithic (about 40,000 years BP).
K2b1 (P397/P399), known previously as haplogroup MS, and haplogroup P (P-P295), also known as K2b2, are the only primary subclades of K2b. Karafet and other researchers (2014) point out that K2b1, its subclades and P* are virtually restricted geographically to South East Asia and Oceania. Whereas, in a striking contrast, subclades of P1, namely Q and R, now make up "the most frequent haplogroup in Europe, the Americas, and Central Asia and South Asia".
Phylogenetic structure
K2b (P331), also known as MPS. K2b1 (P397, P399), similar to the previous haplogroup MS. K2b1a (P405) K2b1a1 (P60) K2b1a2 (P79) K2b1a3 (P315) Haplogroup S (B254), previously known as K2b1a. Haplogroup M (P256), also known as K2b1b. Haplogroup P (P-F5850) P1 (P295/PF5866/S8, 92R7_1, 92R7_2, F91/PF5862/V231) P1a (B253/Z33760/Z33761/Z33762/Z33763), formerly P2. P1b (FT292000) P1c (M45/PF5962), descendant subclades include the major haplogroups Q and R.
Distribution There is a distinct contrast between the distribution of two, de facto geographical groups comprising, respectively: K2*, K2b1 (all subclades), P* (also known as K2b2*; P-P295*) and P2 (also known as K2b2b; P-B253), and; P1 (also known as K2b2a) and its descendants, including Q and R. To the extent that both groups overlap, it is in populations native to the southwest Pacific region, where some Negrito populations carry very high levels of K2b at the subclade level. It is carried, for instance, by more than 83% of males among the Aeta (or Agta) people of the Philippines, in the form of subclades of K2b1 (haplogroups M and S, at levels of more than 60%), as well as P*, P1*, and P2*.
Modern populations with living members of K2*, K2b1 (haplogroups M and S), P* (P-P295*) and P2 (also known as K2b2b) are the predominant haplogroups in New Guinea, some subgroups of indigenous Australians, as well as males native to other parts of Oceania and parts of Island South East Asia.
P1 (also known as K2b2a), including primary subclades such as P1c (P-M45*; previously P1), in modern times, is distributed among populations native to a wide area that includes Europe, Central Asia, South East Asia, and Native Americans.
K2b1 K2b1 is found in 83% of males of Papua New Guinea, and up to 60% in the Aeta people of the Philippines. It is also found among other Melanesian populations, as well as indigenous Australians, and at lower levels amongst Polynesians. It is also found in the Melanesian populations of Indonesia.
Major studies of indigenous Australian Y-DNA, published in 2014 and 2015, suggest that about 29% of indigenous Australian males belong to subclades of K2b1. That is, up to 27% indigenous Australian males carry haplogroup S1a1a1 (S-P308; previously known as K2b1a1 or K-P308), and one study found that approximately 2.0% – i.e. 0.9% (11 individuals) of the sample in a study in which 45% of the total was deemed to be non-indigenous – belonged to haplogroup M1 (M-M4; also known as M-M186 and known previously as haplogroup K2b1d1). All of these males carrying M1 were Torres Strait Islanders. The other Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups found were: basal K2* (K-M526), C1b2b (C-M347; previously Haplogroup C4), and basal C* (C-M130).
Population K2b1 (including haplogroups M & S) Papua New Guinea 82.76% Maori 3.82% (1.95% of those sampled, i.e. 49% of Maori males were deemed to have non-indigenous haplogroups) Fiji 60.75% Solomon Islands 71.9% French Polynesia 8% Vanuatu 76.5% New Caledonia Guam 33.3% (Small sample size) Samoa 8.04% Kiribati 0% (Small sample size) Tonga 20.69% Micronesia FDR 66.67% Marshall Islands 63.64% American Samoa Northern Mariana Islands Palau 61.5% (Small sample size) Cook Islands 3.9% Wallis and Futuna 26% Tuvalu 36% Nauru 28.6% (Small sample size) Norfolk Island Niue 0% (Small sample size) Tokelau 50% (Small sample size) Hawaii 20% (Small sample size, from FTDNA) Aboriginal Australians 29% Timor 25% Aeta 60% Malaysia 2.40% (Small sample size) Flores 35% Sulawesi 11.3% Sulawesi 0% East Indonesia (Lesser Sunda Islands) 25.9% Java Indonesia 0% Bali Indonesia 0.9% Sumatra Indonesia 0% Borneo Indonesia 5.8% West Papua (Papua Province, Indonesia) 52.6% West Papua (Papua Province, Indonesia) 82.6% Sumba Indonesia 25.2% Chukkese people Micronesia 76.5% Pohnpeian people Micronesia 70% (Small sample size)
P (K2b2) Apart from the basal paragroup P* (K2b2), it has only one subclade: P1 (M45), also known as K2b2a – which is also the parent of the major haplogroups Q (K2b2a1) and R (K2b2a2).
P (K2b2) descendant haplogroups Q (K2b2a1) and R (K2b2a2) is widely distributed among males of Native American, Central Asian, South Asian and Siberian ancestry.
Basal P* (K2b2*) P-P295* (sometimes known as "pre-P", before P-M45 was redesignated P1) is found among 28% of males among the Aeta, as well as in Timor at 10.8%, and one case may have been found in Papua New Guinea (Kaysar et al. 2006) although this has not been verified.
Population Rate of P* (%) Notes Papua New Guinea 0.69 Assumed from Kayser et al. (2006), i.e. one P* found New Zealand 0 Fiji 0 Solomon Islands 0 French Polynesia 0 Vanuatu 0 New Caledonia Guam 0 Samoa 0 Kiribati Tonga 0 Federated States of Micronesia 0 Marshall Islands 0 American Samoa Northern Mariana Islands Palau Cook Islands 0 Wallis and Futuna 0 Tuvalu 0 Nauru Norfolk Island Niue 0 Small sample size Tokelau 0 Small sample size Hawaii 0 Small sample size, from FTDNA Australia 0 Timor 10.8 Aeta 28 Filipino Austronesian 0 Malay 0 Flores 0 Sulawesi 0.6 East Indonesia 0 Java Indonesia 0 Bali Indonesia 0 Sumatra Indonesia 0 Borneo Indonesia 0 West Papua Province 0 Papua Province 0 Sumba Indonesia 3.2
P1 (K2b2a) P1 (M45/PF5962), also known as K2b2a, is hundreds of times more common than P* (K2b2; PxM45), as it includes haplogroups Q and R, is estimated as being 14,300 years younger than K2b.
Many ethnic groups with high frequencies of P1 are located in Central Asia and Siberia: 35.4% among Tuvans, 28.3% among Altaian Kizhi, and 35% among Nivkh males.
Modern South Asian populations also feature P1 at low to moderate frequencies. In South Asia it is most frequent among the Muslims of Manipur (33%), but this may be due to a very small sample size (nine individuals). Cases of P1 (M45) reported in South Asia may be unresolved cases or R2 or Q.
Population group (with ethnolinguistic affiliation) Paper N Percentage SNPs Tested Tuvinian (Turkic) Darenko 2005 113 35.40 P-M45 Nivkh (isolate) Lell 2001 17 35 P-M45 Altai-Kizhi (Altaians) (Turkic) Darenko 2005 92 28.3 P-M45 Todjin (Turkic) Darenko 2005 36 22.2 P-M45 Chukchi (Chukotkan) Lell 2001 24 20.8 P-M45 Koryak (Chukotkan) Lell 2001 27 18.5 P-M45 Yupik (Eskimo-Aleut) Lell 2001 33 18.2 P-M45 Uighur (Turkic) Xue 2006 70 17.1 P-M45 Kalmyk (Mongolic) Darenko 2005 68 11.8 P-M45 Turkmen (Turkic) Wells 2001 30 10 P-M45 Soyot (Turkic) Darenko 2005 34 8.8 P-M45 Uriankhai (Mongolic) Katoh 2004 60 8.3 P-M45 Khakas (Turkic) Darenko 2005 53 7.6 P-M45 Kazakh (Turkic) Wells 2001 54 5.6 P-M45 Uzbek (Turkic) Wells 2001 366 5.5 P-M45 Khasi-Khmuic (Austro-Asiatic) Reddy 2009 353 5.40 P-M45(xM173) § Mundari (Austro-Asiatic) Reddy 2009 64 10.90 P-M45(xM173) § Nicobarese (Mon-Khmer) Reddy 2009 11 0.00 P-M45(xM173) § Southeast Asia (Austro-Asiatic) Reddy 2009 257 1.60 P-M45(xM173) § Garo (Tibeto-Burman) Reddy 2009 71 1.40 P-M45(xM173) § India (Tibeto-Burman) Reddy 2009 226 3.10 P-M45(xM173) § East Asia (Tibeto-Burman) Reddy 2009 214 0.00 P-M45(xM173) § Eastern India (Indo-European) Reddy 2009 54 18.50 P-M45(xM173) § Iran (Southern Talysh) Nasidze 2009 50 4.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173) Azerbaijan (Northern Talysh) Nasidze 2009 40 5.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173) Mazandarani (Iranian) Nasidze 2009 50 4.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173) Gilaki (Iranian) Nasidze 2009 50 0.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173) Tehran (Iranian) Nasidze 2004 80 4.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173) Isfahan (Iranian) Nasidze 2004 50 6.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173) Bakhtiari (Iranian) Nasidze 2008 53 2.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173) Iranian Arabs (Arabic) Nasidze 2008 47 2.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173) North Iran (Iranian) Regueiro 2006 33 9.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173) South Iran (Iranian) Regueiro 2006 117 3.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173) South Caucacus (Georgian) Nasidze and Stoneking 2001 77 3.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173) South Caucacus (Armenian) Nasidze and Stoneking 2001 100 2.00 P-M45(xM124,xM173) Hvar (Croatian) Barać et al. 2003 14 Korčula (Croatian) Barać et al. 2003 6 § These may include members of haplogroup R2.
Population group N P (xQ,xR) Q R Paper Count % Count % Count % Gope 16 1 6.4 Sahoo 2006 Oriya Brahmin 24 1 4.2 Sahoo 2006 Mahishya 17 3 17.6 Sahoo 2006 Bhumij 15 2 13.3 Sahoo 2006 Saora 13 3 23.1 Sahoo 2006 Nepali 7 2 28.6 Sahoo 2006 Muslims of Manipur 9 3 33.3 Sahoo 2006 Himachal Pradesh Rajput 15 1 6.7 Sahoo 2006 Lambadi 18 4 22.2 Sahoo 2006 Gujarati Patel 9 2 22.2 Sahoo 2006 Katkari 19 1 5.3 Sahoo 2006 Madia Gond 14 1 7.1 Sahoo 2006 Kamma Chowdary 15 0 0 1 6.7 12 80 Sahoo 2006
See also Ancient population haplogroups are assumed from small ancient sample sizes. † Stands for assumed extinction (no living sample of the same haplogroup). Entire phylogeny except for haplogroup X, K2b1 clades, K2* clades, and K2c, K2d, as well as P(xM45). Ancient DNA samples. Modern populations and ancient Basques. Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup X.
Notes Assuming 70,000 years BP for the TMRCA of M168 chromosomes, we estimate the interval of time between the diversification of K-M9 and that of K-P331 to be less than 3,000 years. This rapid diversification has also been assessed using whole Y-chromosome sequence data. In addition, we estimate the total time between the common ancestor of K-M9 and that of P-P295 to be less than 5,000 years, and the time between the common ancestor P-P295 and that of P-P27 to be around 12,300 years.
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