Haplogroup K2b1, known sometimes as haplogroup MS, is a human Y-DNA haplogroup, defined by SNPs P397 and P399. It has a complex, diverse and not-yet fully understood internal structure; its downstream descendants include the major haplogroups Haplogroup M (P256) and Haplogroup S (M230).
It is not clear at present whether the basal haplogroup, K2b1* is carried by any living males. Individuals carrying subclades of K2b1 are found primarily among Papuan peoples, Micronesian peoples, indigenous Australians, and Polynesians.
Structure
K2b1 is a direct descendant of K2b – known previously as Haplogroup MPS.
It has a number of branches including the major haplogroups S (B254), also known as K2b1a (and previously known as Haplogroup S1 or K2b1a4) and M (P256), also known as K2b1b (previously K2b1d).
K2b1 (P397, P399), similar to the previous haplogroup MS. K2b1a (P405) K2b1a1 (P60) K2b1a2 (P79) K2b1a3 (P315) Haplogroup S (B254), previously known as K2b1a. Haplogroup M (P256), also known as K2b1b.
Distribution K2b1 is strongly associated with the indigenous peoples of Melanesia (especially the island of New Guinea) and Micronesia, and to a lesser extent Polynesia, where it is generally found only among 5–10% of males. It is found in 83% of males in Papua New Guinea.
Studies of indigenous Australian Y-DNA published in 2014 and 2015, suggest that, before contact with Europeans, about 29% of Australian Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander males belonged to downstream subclades of K2b1. That is, up to 27% indigenous Australian males carry haplogroup S1a1a1 (S-P308; previously known as K2b1a1 or K-P308),Karafet 2014 and one study found that approximately 2.0% – i.e. 0.9% (11 individuals) of the sample in a study in which 45% of the total was deemed to be non-indigenous – belonged to haplogroup M1 (M-M4; also known as M-M186 and known previously as haplogroup K2b1d1). All of these males carrying M1 were Torres Strait Islanders.Nagle, N. et al., 2015, "Antiquity and diversity of aboriginal Australian Y-chromosomes", American Journal of Physical Anthropology (epub ahead of print version; abstract). (The other Y-DNA haplogroups found were: basal K2* [K-M526], C1b2b [M347; previously Haplogroup C4], and basal C* [M130].)
Population K2b1 (including Haplogroups M & S) as a % (i. e. individuals indigenous to Oceania are assumed to be K2b1) Papua New Guinea 82.76% New Zealand 0% Fiji 60.75% Solomon Islands 30% French Polynesia 8.00% Vanuatu 18.5% Guam 33.3% (small sample size) Samoa 8.04% Kiribati 0% (small sample size) Tonga 23% M haplogroup in one study and 26% s haplogroup in a separate study and told in that study to be up to 43% haplogroup m and haplogroup s there Micronesia FDR 66.67% Marshall Islands 63.64% Palau 61.5% (small sample size) Cook Islands 3.9% Wallis and Futuna 26% Tuvalu 36% Nauru 28.6% (small sample size) Niue 0% (small sample size) Tokelau 50% (small sample size) Hawaii 20% (small sample size from FTDNA)Aboriginal Australians 20% (657 samples; 56% assumed to be non-indigenous) Timor 6% Aeta 0% Chinese 0% Filipinos 0% Malaysia 2.40% ( small sample size ) Flores 0% ( Samples includes diverse ethnicities ) Sulawesi 11.3% ( Samples includes diverse ethnicities ) Eastern Indonesia (Wallacea) 25.9% ( Samples includes diverse ethnicities ) Java 0% Bali 0.9% Sumatra 0% Borneo (Indonesia) 5.80% ( samples includes diverse ethnic minorities ) West Papua 52.6% Papua Province 82.6% Sumba 25.2% Chuukkese people (Micronesia) 76.5% Pohnpeian people (Micronesia) 70% (small sample size)
References