A voiced alveolar affricate is a type of affricate consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth. There are several types of median affricates with significant perceptual differences: A voiced alveolar sibilant affricate is the most common type, similar to the ds in English lads. A voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate – or , using the alveolar diacritic from the Extended IPA, – is found, for example, in some dialects of English and Italian. A voiced retracted alveolar sibilant affricate or .
Voiced alveolar sibilant affricate A voiced alveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with or . The tie bar may be omitted, yielding . There is also a ligature , which has been retired by the International Phonetic Association but is still used.
Features Features of a voiced alveolar sibilant affricate:
The stop component of this affricate is laminal alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge. For simplicity, this affricate is usually called after the sibilant fricative component. There are at least three specific variants of the fricative component: Dentalized laminal alveolar (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of is very strong., cited in Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Acoustically, it is close to or laminal .
Occurrence The following sections are named after the fricative component.
Dentalized laminal alveolar Language Word IPA Meaning Notes Armenian Eastern /dzuk 'fish' Belarusian / 'paintbrush' Contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonologyBulgarianскръндза[skrɤndzа]'skinflint', 'miser'See Bulgarian phonology Hungarian 'elderberry' See Hungarian phonologyJapanese 雀/suzume[s̪ɯd̻͡z̪ɯme̞]'sparrow'See Japanese phonology Kashubian 'where' Latvian 'fever' See Latvian phonology Macedonian / 'star' See Macedonian phonology Montenegrin 'jujube' See Montenegrin phonology Pashto 'youth' 'young' See Pashto phonology Polish 'bell' See Polish phonology Russian / 'bridgehead' Allophone of before voiced consonants. See Russian phonology Serbo-Croatian 'father would' Allophone of before voiced consonants. See Serbo-Croatian phonologySlovakmedzi[med͡zi]'between'See Slovak phonology Slovene 'barber shaves' Allophone of before voiced consonants in native words. As a phoneme present only in loanwords. See Slovene phonology Tyap 'buffalo' Ukrainian 'bell' Contrasts with palatalized form. See Ukrainian phonology Upper Sorbian Allophone of before voiced consonants.
Non-retracted alveolar Language Word IPA Meaning Notes Arabic Najdi قـليب/dzilīb 'well' Corresponds to , , or in other dialects. Czech 'an Afghan was' Allophone of before voiced consonants. See Czech phonologyEnglish Broad Cockney day 'day' Possible word-initial, intervocalic and word-final allophone of . See English phonology Received Pronunciation New York Possible syllable-initial and sometimes also utterance-final allophone of . See English phonology Scouse Possible syllable-initial and word-final allophone of . See English phonology French Quebec du 'of the' Allophone of before . Georgian /dzvali 'bone' Hebrew Some speakers /mitzvah 'commandment' Allophone of /t͡s/ before voiced consonant. See Modern Hebrew phonology Luxembourgish 'to go for a walk' Marginal phoneme that occurs only in a few words. See Luxembourgish phonologyMarathiजोर/dzor'force'Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated versions. The unaspirated is represented by ज, which also represents [d͡ʒ]. The aspirated sound is represented by झ, which also represents [d͡ʒʱ]. There is no marked difference for either one.Ollarijōnel'maize'Nepali /ādza 'today' Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated versions. The unaspirated is represented by /ज/. The aspirated sound is represented by /झ/. See Nepali phonologyNaikijūrol'cricket' Portuguese European Palatalization of dental occlusives /t/ and /d/ in the bilingual communities of Taquara and Panambi, RS – Alice Telles de Paula Page 14 'challenge' Allophone of before , or assimilation due to the deletion of . Increasingly used in Brazil. Brazilian 'learning' Many speakers 'mezzo-soprano' Marginal sound. Some might instead use spelling pronunciations. See Portuguese phonology Romanian Moldavian dialects 'say' Corresponds to in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology Telugu /dzata 'pair, set' Teochew Swatow /jitpun 'Japan' Toda 'five'
Retracted alveolar Language Word IPA Meaning Notes Catalan Most dialects 'twelve' The fricative component is apical. It merges with (or ) in some dialects. See Catalan phonology Occitan Gascon 'message' Laminal in other dialects. Varies with in some words. Languedocien Piedmontese 'goodbye' Sardinian Central dialects 'lunch'
Variable Language Word IPA Meaning Notes Greek 'fireplace' Varies between retracted and non-retracted, depending on the environment. Phonemically, it is a stop–fricative sequence. See Modern Greek phonology Italian 'zero' The fricative component varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical. In the latter case, the stop component is laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology Montenegrin 'haystack' Varies between dentalized laminal and sibilant affricate. See Montenegrin phonology West Frisian 'shake' Laminal; varies between retracted and non-retracted. Phonemically, it is a stop–fricative sequence. The example word also illustrates . See West Frisian phonology
Voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate
Features
Occurrence Language Word IPA Meaning Notes Dutch Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect A possible realization of word-final, non-pre-pausal . English General American dream 'dream' Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence ; more commonly postalveolar . See English phonology Received Pronunciation Italian Sicily 'the Adriatic Sea' Apical. It is a regional realization of the sequence , and can be realized as the sequence instead. See Italian phonology
See also Voiced dental affricate List of phonetics topics
Notes
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