Madrid and its metropolitan area has a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSk) which transitions to a mediterranean climate (Csa) on the western half of the city. According to the Troll-Paffen climate classification, Madrid has warm-temperate subtropical climate (Warmgemäßigt-subtropisches Zonenklima)Climatic map by Istituto Geografico De Agostini, according to Troll-Paffen climate classification and according to the Siegmund/Frankenberg climate classification, Madrid has a subtropical climate.Die Klimatypen der Erde – Pädagogische Hochschule in Heidelberg Madrid has hot summers and relatively cool winters with somewhat frequent frosts (13 days have lows under on average) and occasional snowfalls, with an average of 3–4 snowy days annually.

Temperature The annual average temperature in the city centre is , while in the airport it is . The city centre generally has warmer temperatures year round, due to the urban heat island, causing nighttime temperatures in the center to be higher than in surrounding areas, despite daytime temperatures being slightly lower in relation to the surrounding areas.

Observatory of Buen Retiro Park (667 m) (1991–2020)VariableJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYearDaily thermal range (Cº)7.08.59.910.711.312.713.312.711.08.67.16.610Average no. of days with max. temperature ≥ 0.00.00.00.00.02.810.27.20.30.00.00.020.5Average no. of days with max. temperature ≥ 0.00.00.00.02.913.924.623.16.60.00.00.071.1Average no. of days with max. temperature ≥ 0.00.00.33.212.423.630.129.820.03.30.00.0122.7Average no. of days with min. temperature ≥ 0.00.00.00.00.15.515.614.91.80.00.00.037.9Average no. of days with min. temperature ≤ 52.70.70.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.63.712.7Average no. of days with min. temperature ≤ 0.10.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.10.2 Observatory of Barajas Airport (609 m) (1991–2020)VariableJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYearDaily thermal range (Cº)10.412.013.113.114.015.616.616.114.612.210.59.913.2Average no. of days with max. temperature ≥ 0.00.00.00.00.14.613.810.90.70.00.00.030.1Average no. of days with max. temperature ≥ 0.00.00.00.14.016.726.626.210.90.60.00.085.1Average no. of days with max. temperature ≥ 0.00.00.54.213.725.430.530.522.46.80.00.0134Average no. of days with min. temperature ≥ 0.00.00.00.00.01.35.24.30.20.00.00.011Average no. of days with min. temperature ≤ 15.311.53.60.60.00.00.00.00.00.24.712.548.4Average no. of days with min. temperature ≤ 1.90.80.10.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.21.44.4 Observatory of Cuatro Vientos (690 m) (1991–2020)VariableJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYearDaily thermal range (Cº)8.810.111.211.712.613.814.614.212.810.58.98.311.5Average no. of days with max. temperature ≥ 0.00.00.00.00.13.912.29.50.50.00.00.026.2Average no. of days with max. temperature ≥ 0.00.00.00.03.515.625.925.09.60.50.00.080.1Average no. of days with max. temperature ≥ 0.00.00.43.713.224.530.430.221.96.10.00.0130.4Average no. of days with min. temperature ≥ 0.00.00.00.00.03.812.110.51.10.00.00.027.5Average no. of days with min. temperature ≤ 8.74.81.40.10.10.00.00.00.00.01.66.423.1Average no. days with min. temperature ≤ 0.40.20.10.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.31

Seasons Spring

Late Spring, in the months of May and June, is witness to the peak of pollinization of Gramineae, the main culprit behind rhinitis and bronchial asthma in Madrid. Years with high concentrations have proven a public health issue, with punctual cases of asthma epidemics among the inhabitants of Madrid in the aforementioned months.

Precipitation Madrid has on average only 59 precipitation days a year, therein average several rainy days per month (≥ 1 mm), ranging from 2 days in July and August to 7 days in October. The average annual precipitation is less than on the center and around on airport on eastern half of the city. Madrid is the European capital with the least annual precipitation, as well as the only with a semi-arid climate

Observatory of Buen Retiro Park (667 m) (1991–2020)VariableJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYearAverage precipitation days ≥ 0.1mm8.57.38.09.89.55.32.22.85.79.89.48.887.1Average precipitation days ≥ 10 mm1.01.11.11.51.60.60.30.30.72.31.91.413.8Average precipitation days ≥ 30 mm0.00.00.00.00.20.00.00.00.10.20.10.00.6Average hail days0.00.00.30.50.30.10.00.10.10.10.00.01.5 Observatory of Barajas Airport (609 m) (1991–2020)VariableJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYearAverage precipitation days ≥ 0.1mm7.36.87.59.09.04.92.12.14.69.08.88.379.4Average precipitation days ≥ 10 mm0.80.91.01.11.30.60.20.30.82.11.71.011.8Average precipitation days ≥ 30 mm0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.10.20.10.00.4Average hail days0.00.10.10.20.10.00.10.10.10.00.00.00.8

Observatory of Cuatro Vientos (690 m) (1991–2020)VariableJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYearAverage precipitation days ≥ 0.1mm8.57.07.89.58.94.22.02.35.09.49.29.182.9Average precipitation days ≥ 10 mm1.01.01.21.51.40.40.30.40.72.41.71.513.5Average precipitation days ≥ 30 mm0.00.00.00.00.10.00.00.00.10.20.20.00.6Average hail days0.00.20.10.60.40.20.10.10.10.00.00.01.8

Sunshine and UV index Sunshine duration is 2,769 hours per year, from 124 (4 hours per day on average) in December to 359 (above 11.6 hours per day on average) in July. This makes Madrid one of the sunnier cities in Europe. It is also slightly above average for the southern half of Europe, where annual sunshine duration typically varies from about 2,000 to about 3,000 hours per year. In the northern half of Europe, sunshine duration is around 1500 hours per year. In winter Madrid has about three times more sun duration than in the northern half of Europe. Madrid has the second highest UV value among continental European capitals after Athens and Lisbon. The values are close to that of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as ultraviolet radiation suffers little interference from other geographic variables. Although values are still average, which is not as risky as almost the entire continent, except the afternoons of the warmer months, where exposure should be reduced. The amount varies from 2 between November and January to 9 between June and July.

Humidity Average relative humidity is around 55–58%, ranging from 32–39% in July to 75–76% in December, with more humidity in the centre and less in airport.

Snow

Snowfalls are occasional, happening only a few days per year. In January 1941, 8 snow days were recorded, the most for any month.

From 7 January to 10 January 2021, Madrid received its heaviest snowfall in five decades; Spain's meteorological agency AEMET reported between of accumulated snow at its weather stations within the city.

Temperature extremes The highest temperature recorded during the day at the Retiro station is on 28 June 2019, 14 August 2021, and 14 July 2022, but higher maximum temperatures have been recorded in other stations. On July 10, 2026, a minimum temperature of was recorded, making it the warmest night ever in Madrid. However, the Cuatro Vientos station, outside the city center, recorded a minimum of on July 28, 1951.

The coldest temperature recorded was at night on 16 January 1945,"Valores Extremos for Madrid" (pdf) (www version) – Agencia Estatal de Meteorología while on January 16, 1945, the maximum temperature did not exceed , making it the coldest day ever recorded in the region.

Mean temperatures Madrid, Retiro

+VariableTemperatureMonth recordedHighest mean maximum temperatureJuly 2022Highest mean monthly temperatureJuly 2015Highest mean minimum temperatureJuly 2015Lowest mean maximum temperatureJanuary 1945Lowest mean monthly temperatureFebruary 1956Lowest mean minimum temperatureFebruary 1956

Madrid, Cuatro Vientos

+VariableTemperatureMonth recordedHighest mean maximum temperatureJuly 2022Highest mean monthly temperatureJuly 2022Highest mean minimum temperatureJuly 2015Lowest mean maximum temperatureJanuary 1946Lowest mean monthly temperatureFebruary 1956Lowest mean minimum temperatureFebruary 1956

Madrid, Barajas Airport

+VariableTemperatureMonth recordedHighest mean maximum temperatureJuly 2022Highest mean monthly temperatureJuly 2022Highest mean minimum temperatureJuly 2015Lowest mean maximum temperatureJanuary 1945Lowest mean monthly temperatureJanuary 1945Lowest mean minimum temperatureDecember 2001

Daylight Madrid, as well as the rest of Spain (except the Canary Islands), are in the UTC +1 time zone and UTC +2 in summer time. Sunrise and sunset occur relatively late compared to other countries in southern Europe or even slightly higher latitudes. Madrid enjoys one of the most optimal number of hours of daylight in Europe. Days in winter are not as short as in the northern part of the continent, the average hours of daylight in December, January and February is 10 hours (for comparison: London or Moscow or Warsaw – about 8 hours), and it is the European capital with the latest sunsets during winter. During the summer, the days have an average length of 14 hours, being the European capital with the latest sunrises in summer, as well as the capital with the latest sunset in southern Europe. Sunset occurs after 21:00 (9:00 pm) throughout most of the summer.

+Average hours of daylight Hours Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Day 10 11 12 13 14 15 15 14 12 11 10 9 Twilight/Night 14 13 12 11 10 9 9 10 12 13 14 15

See also Climate in other places in Iberian Peninsula: Climate of Barcelona Climate of Bilbao Climate of Valencia Climate of Gibraltar Climate of Lisbon Climate of Spain

References