The flora of Lebanon includes approximately 2,600 plant species. Situated on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Basin, Lebanon is a reservoir of plant diversity and one of the world's biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Endemic species constitute 12% of the Lebanese flora; 221 plant species are broad endemics and 90 are narrow endemics.. Important Plant Areas (IPAs) featuring the country exceptional botanical richness were defined in 2018.
The natural vegetation of Lebanon has been threatened by overexploitation and fragmentation as a result of urban expansion, overgrazing, tourism and the impact of warfare. The cedar of Lebanon is the national symbol of the country; growing in the Lebanon Mountain range, these trees have been heavily harvested over the years for their valuable timber and few mature trees still remain. Nevertheless, Lebanon is more heavily wooded than most other countries in the region and pine, oak, fir, beech, cypress and juniper are to be found in the mountain areas although the Beqaa valley has little tree cover. Where timber has been extracted and woodland destroyed, scrub has taken over; in the Lebanon Mountain area this is mostly Ceratonia, oak and Pistacia, and in the Anti-Lebanon range the scrub is mostly Pistacia and wild almond. Other native trees such as the Lebanese wild apple, Judas tree and Syrian maple are being grown experimentally as a conservation strategy to see if they are amenable to container production.
The Al Shouf Cedar Nature Reserve was established in 1996 to preserve an old stand of cedar in central Lebanon. It covers , which is 5.3% of the country's total area, and includes of cedar forest which, with the exclusion of livestock is successfully regenerating. There are 24 kinds of tree in the reserve and 436 species of plant, including about 48 which are endemic to Lebanon, Syria and Turkey.
Apart from trees, there are a large number of flowering plants, ferns and mosses in the country. Many of the plants bloom after the winter rains, and the annual plants germinate at this time, grow, flower and set seed while the soil is moist enough to support them. One plant endemic to the country is the endangered Lebanon violet, found high up in rocky shrubland on the west side of Mount Lebanon.
A
Abies cilicica Acantholimon acerosum Acantholimon antilibanoticum Acantholimon damassanum Acantholimon echinus subsp. creticum Acantholimon libanoticum Acantholimon lycaonicum Acantholimon ulicinum Acanthophyllum kurdicum Acanthus hirsutus subsp. syriacus Acer cinerascentiforme Acer hyrcanum subsp. tauricolum Acer monspessulanum subsp. microphyllum Acer obtusifolium Achillea aleppica Achillea arabica Achillea distans subsp. tanacetifolia Achillea falcata Achillea fragrantissima Achillea kotschyi Achillea maritima Achillea membranacea Achillea millefolium Achillea santolinoides subsp. wilhelmsii Achnatherum bromoides Adenocarpus complicatus Adiantum capillus-veneris Adonis aestivalis Adonis aestivalis subsp. squarrosa Adonis aleppica Adonis annua var. cupaniana Adonis dentata subsp. persica Adonis flammea Adonis microcarpa Adonis microcarpa subsp. cretica Adonis palaestina Aegilops bicornis Aegilops caudata Aegilops columnaris Aegilops crassa var. crassa Aegilops cylindrica Aegilops geniculata Aegilops juvenalis Aegilops kotschyi Aegilops longissima Aegilops lorentii Aegilops neglecta Aegilops peregrina Aegilops searsii Aegilops speltoides subsp. ligustica Aegilops speltoides subsp. speltoides Aegilops tauschii Aegilops triuncialis Aegilops umbellulata Aegilops vavilovii Aegilops ventricosa Aegilotriticum loretii Aegilotriticum triticoides Aeluropus lagopoides Aeluropus littoralis Aethionema coridifolium Agrimonia eupatoria Agrimonia repens Agrostemma githago Agrostis castellana Agrostis olympica Agrostis stolonifera Aira elegantissima Ajuga chamaepitys subsp. rechingeri Ajuga chamaepitys subsp. chia Ajuga chamaepitys subsp. glareosa Ajuga chamaepitys subsp. laevigata Ajuga chamaepitys subsp. libanotica Ajuga chamaepitys subsp. mesogitana Ajuga chamaepitys subsp. palaestina Ajuga chamaepitys subsp. tridactylites Ajuga chasmophila Ajuga orientalis Ajuga vestita Alcea acaulis Alcea apterocarpa Alcea damascena Alcea digitata Alcea dissecta Alcea kurdica subsp. coelesyriaca Alcea setosa Alchemilla diademata Alhagi maurorum Alisma lanceolatum Alisma plantago-aquatica Alkanna kotschyana Alkanna leiocarpa Alkanna maleolens Alkanna orientalis Alkanna prasinophylla Alkanna strigosa Alkanna tinctoria Allium affine Allium ampeloprasum Allium ampeloprasum var. leucanthum Allium ascalonicum Allium asclepiadeum Allium atroviolaceum Allium azaurenum Allium basalticum Allium bassitense Allium birkinshawii Allium calyptratum Allium carmeli Allium cassium Allium chloranthum Allium chloranthum var. montanum Allium chrysantherum Allium colchicifolium Allium curtum subsp. palaestinum Allium damascenum Allium daninianum Allium deserti-syriaci Allium dictyoprasum Allium drusorum Allium dumetorum Allium erdelii Allium feinbergii Allium hamrinense Allium hermoneum Allium karyeteini Allium kharputense Allium libani Allium longisepalum Allium lycaonicum Allium machmelianum Allium macrochaetum Allium meronense Allium multibulbosum Allium myrianthum Allium neapolitanum Allium nigrum Allium noeanum Allium olivieri Allium opacum Allium orientale Allium pallens Allium paniculatum Allium phanerantherum Allium pseudocalyptratum Allium pseudophanerantherum Allium pseudostamineum Allium qasyunense Allium rothii Allium rotundum Allium rupicola Allium sannineum Allium sativum Allium schergianum Allium schubertii Allium scorodoprasum Allium sindjarense Allium sphaerocephalon subsp. arvense Allium sphaerocephalon subsp. sphaerocephalon Allium sprengeri Allium stamineum Allium subhirsutum Allium trachycoleum Allium trifoliatum Allium truncatum Allium vineale Allium wiedemannianum Allium zebdanense Alnus orientalis Alopecurus arundinaceus Alopecurus gerardii Alopecurus myosuroides Alopecurus textilis Alopecurus utriculatus Alopecurus vaginatus Althaea bertramii Althaea cannabina Althaea officinalis Alyssum baumgartnerianum Alyssum condensatum Alyssum contemptum Alyssum mouradicum Alyssum murale Alyssum repens Alyssum stribrnyi Amaranthus blitoides Amaranthus hybridus Amaranthus retroflexus Amelanchier ovalis Ammi majus Ammochloa palaestina Ammophila arenaria Ammophila arenaria subsp. australis Anacamptis collina Anacamptis coriophora Anacamptis laxiflora Anacamptis morio subsp. syriaca Anacamptis papilionacea Anacamptis pyramidalis Anacamptis sancta Anacyclus clavatus Anacyclus nigellifolius Anacyclus radiatus Anarrhinum forskaohlii Anchonium billardieri Anchusa azurea Anchusa hybrida Anchusa strigosa Andrachne telephioides Androcymbium palaestinum Andropogon distachyos Androsace maxima Androsace multiscapa Androsace villosa Andryala dentata Andryala integrifolia Anemone blanda Anemone coronaria var. phoenicia Anemone coronaria var.cyanea Anethum graveolens Aneura pinguis Anisosciadium tenuifolium subsp. sibthorpianum Ankyropetalum coelesyriacum Ankyropetalum gypsophiloides Anogramma leptophylla Anthemis breviradiata Anthemis chia Anthemis cotula Anthemis cretica Anthemis cretica subsp. cassia var. discoidea Anthemis didymaea Anthemis haussknechtii Anthemis hebronica Anthemis hermonsis Anthemis hyalina Anthemis patentissima Anthemis pauciloba Anthemis pseudocotula Anthemis rascheyana Anthemis scariosa Anthemis secundiramea Anthemis tripolitana Anthoceros punctatus Anthoxanthum odoratum Anthriscus lamprocarpa Antinoria insularis Apera interrupta Aphanes arvensis Arabidopsis thaliana Arabis aucheri Arabis caucasica Arabis nova Arabis verna Arbutus andrachne Arbutus unedo Arceuthobium oxycedri Arctium minus subsp. pubens Arenaria deflexa Arenaria deflexa subsp. pubescens Arenaria fragillima Arenaria leptoclados Arenaria libanotica Arenaria pamphylica Argentina anserina Arisarum vulgare subsp. vulgare Arisarum vulgare var. veslingii Aristida adscensionis Aristolochia billardieri Aristolochia bottae Aristolochia maurorum Aristolochia paecilantha Aristolochia parviflora Aristolochia pontica Aristolochia sempervirens (Syn. Aristolochia altissima) Armeria undulata Arrhenatherum elatius Arrhenatherum kotschyi Arrhenatherum palaestinum Artedia squamata Artemisia arborescens Artemisia monosperma Artemisia scoparia Artemisia verlotiorum Arthrocnemum macrostachyum Arum dioscoridis var. cyprium Arum dioscoridis var. philistaeum Arum dioscoridis var. syriacum Arum elongatum Arum gratum Arum hygrophilum Arum palaestinum Arum rupicola var. rupicola (Arum conophalloides Kotschy ex Schott) Arum rupicola var. virescens Arundo donax Arundo micrantha Asparagus acutifolius Asparagus aphyllus Asparagus aphyllus subsp. orientalis Asparagus filifolius Asparagus horridus Asparagus trichophyllus Asperugo procumbens Asperula arvensis Asperula bargyli Asperula breviflora Asperula cymulosa Asperula glareosa Asperula glomerata Asperula libanotica Asperula orientalis Asperula semanensis Asperula setosa Asperula stricta Asphodeline baytopiae Asphodeline brevicaulis Asphodeline brevicaulis subsp. druzorum Asphodeline brevicaulis var.edumea Asphodeline damascena Asphodeline globifera Asphodeline lutea Asphodeline recurva Asphodelus fistulosus Asphodelus ramosus subsp. ramosus Asphodelus tenuifolius Asphodelus viscidulus Asplenium bourgaei Asplenium ceterach Asplenium lepidum Asplenium lepidum subsp. haussknechtii Asplenium onopteris Asplenium ruta-muraria Asplenium sagittatum Asplenium scolopendrium Asplenium trichomanes Asteriscus aquaticus Astomaea seselifolia Astragalus aduncus Astragalus aleppicus Astragalus angulosus Astragalus angulosus subsp. heliopolitanus Astragalus angustifolius Astragalus angustifolius subsp. postianus Astragalus annularis Astragalus antilibani Astragalus argyrothamnos Astragalus asterias Astragalus barbatus Astragalus berytheus Astragalus bethlehemiticus Astragalus boeticus Astragalus brachystachys Astragalus campylorhynchus Astragalus caprinus subsp. caprinus Astragalus cedreti Astragalus cephalotes Astragalus cilicius Astragalus coluteoides Astragalus crenatus Astragalus cruentiflorus Astragalus drusorum Astragalus echinatus Astragalus echinops Astragalus echinus Astragalus ehdenensis Astragalus ehrenbergii Astragalus emarginatus Astragalus epiglottis Astragalus eriocarpus Astragalus gossypinus Astragalus gummifer Astragalus guttatus Astragalus hamosus Astragalus hispidus Astragalus kotschyanus Astragalus kurnet-es-saudae Astragalus lanatus Astragalus macrocarpus subsp. macrocarpus Astragalus macrocephalus subsp. cucullaris Astragalus mollis Astragalus nummularius subsp. trichopterus Astragalus oleaefolius Astragalus palaestinus Astragalus pelecinus Astragalus pinetorum Astragalus psilodontius Astragalus roussaeanus Astragalus schizopterus Astragalus spinosus Astragalus suberosus Astragalus trachoniticus Astragalus tribuloides Astragalus trifoliolatus Astragalus triradiatus Astragalus zachlensis Astrodaucus orientalis Asyneuma rigidum Asyneuma virgatum Athyrium filix-femina Atocion reuterianum Atractylis cancellata Atraphaxis billardierei Atraphaxis spinosa Atriplex halimus Atriplex lasiantha Atriplex portulacoides Atriplex prostrata subsp. calotheca Aubrieta libanotica Avena barbata Avena clauda Avena eriantha Avena fatua Avena sativa Avena sterilis subsp. ludoviciana Avena sterilis subsp. sterilis
B
Baldellia ranunculoides Ballota antilibanotica Ballota byblensis Ballota damascena Ballota nigra Ballota nigra subsp. ruderalis Ballota saxatilis Ballota undulata Barbarea macrocarpa Barbilophozia barbata Bassia monticola Bazzania flaccida Beckmannia eruciformis Bellardia trixago Bellevalia densiflora Bellevalia douinii Bellevalia flexuosa Bellevalia hermonis Bellevalia longipes Bellevalia macrobotrys