The Hetman of the Zaporozhian Host (, ) was the head of state of the Cossack Hetmanate. The post was a form of elective monarchy. The office was abolished by the Russian government in 1764.
In 1918, the post was restored by Pavlo Skoropadsky as the Hetman of all Ukraine.
Full title Hetman with [His Tsar's / Royal Majesty's] Zaporozhian Host (Ruthenian: гетман(ъ) з(ъ) Войскомъ [его царского величества / его королевской милости] Запоро(жс/з)кимъ; ;; Middle Russian: гетман с Воиском [его королевской милости] Запорожским) - used by 17th-century hetmans including Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Yurii Khmelnytsky, Ivan Vyhovsky, Petro Doroshenko, Ivan Samoilovych and during the early rule of Ivan Mazepa; the monarch's title was altered depending on the current political allegiance of the Cossack host; Hetman of [His Royal Majesty's] Zaporozhian Host (Ruthenian: гетман Воиска [его кор[олевскои] милости] Запороз(с)кого; ) - used by Bohdan Khmelnytskyi before the Treaty of Pereyaslav. [His Tsar's Majesty's] Hetman of Zaporozhian Hosts [on both sides of the Dnieper] (Ruthenian: [его царского величества] гетманъ Войскъ Запоро(ж)скихъ [(с) обоихъ сторонъ Днепра]) or [His Tsar's Majesty's] Hetman of the Zaporozhian Host [on both sides of the Dnieper] (Ruthenian: [его царского величества] гетманъ Войска Запоро(ж/з)ского [(с) обоихъ сторонъ Днепра]) - titles used by Ivan Mazepa (1689-1709) and his successor Ivan Skoropadsky;Link Hetman of His / Her Imperial Majesty's Zaporozhian Host on both sides of the Dnieper (Old Ukrainian: Его / Εꙗ Імператорского вεличεства Воиска Запорожского ѡбоихъ сторонъ Днѣпра Гεтманъ) - used by Danylo Apostol (1727-1734).Гетьманські універсали Данила Апостола у збірці Національного музею... Hetman of Her Imperial Majesty's Little Russia on both sides of the Dnieper and (of) Zaporozhian Hosts (Old Ukrainian: Ея Императорскаго Величества Малой Россіи обоихъ сторонъ Днѣпра и войскъ Запорожскихъ Гεтманъ) - used by Kyrylo Rozumovsky (1750-1764).
Brief history The position was established by Bohdan Khmelnytsky during the Cossack Hetmanate in the mid 17th century. During that period, the office was electoral. All elections, except for the first one, took place in the Senior Council in Chyhyryn, which, until 1669, served as the capital of the Hetmanate.
After the Pereiaslav Agreement of 1654, several senior Cossacks sided with the Tsardom of Russia and, in 1663, they convened the Black Council of 1663 in Nizhyn, which elected Ivan Briukhovetsky as an alternative hetman, triggering what is known in history as the Ruin. Following the defeat of Petro Doroshenko in 1669, the title of hetman was adopted by the pro-Russian elected hetmans, with their residence in Baturyn. In the course of the Great Northern War, one of them, Ivan Mazepa, decided to revolt against Russian rule in 1708, which later drew terrible consequences for the Cossack Hetmanate as well as the Zaporozhian Host. The administration was moved to Hlukhiv, where Mazepa was publicly executed in effigy and anathema was declared upon him by the Russian Orthodox Church.
By an edict of the Russian Governing Senate of 17 November 1764,Kyrylo Rozumovsky at the Jurist Encyclopedia the office was disestablished in the course of the expansion of Russian territory towards the Black Sea coast.
List of hetmans The list includes only hetmans who belonged to the Cossack Hetmanate. For a full list of all Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks, see Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks. # HetmanLife span Elected (event) Took office Left office(Years) Notes 1 Bohdan KhmelnytskyЗиновій-Богдан Хмельницький(1596–1657)1648 (Sich) 26 January 1648 6 August 1657() Pereiaslav Agreement, Moscow's military union with the Hetmanate 2 Yurii KhmelnytskyЮрій Хмельницький(1641–1685) death of his father 6 August 1657 27 August 1657() 3 Ivan VyhovskyІван Виговський(?–1664) 1657 (Korsun) 21 October 1657 11 September 1659() Attempt for reconciliation with Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 4 Yurii KhmelnytskyЮрій Хмельницький(1641–1685) 1659 (Hermanivka) 11 September 1659 October 1662(c. 3 years) First vassalage to Muscovy, later agreed to autonomy within Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 5 Pavlo Teteria(1620?–1670)Павло "Тетеря" Моржковський 1662 (Chyhyryn) October 1662 July 1665(c. 3 years) The period of ruin and civil war (1) Ivan Briukhovetsky(1623–1668)Іван Брюховецький 1663 (Nizhyn) 27 June 1663(confirmed: 27 June 1663) 17 June 1668() pro-Muscovite faction, changed sides due to Truce of Andrusovo 6 Petro Doroshenko(1627–1698)Петро Дорошенко 1666 (Chyhyryn) 10 October 1665(confirmed: January 1666) 19 September 1676() Union treaty with the Ottomans (2) Demian Mnohohrishny(1631–1703)Дем'ян Многогрішний 1669 (Hlukhiv) 17 December 1668(confirmed: 3 March 1669) April 1672(c. 6 years) pro-Muscovite faction 7 (3) Ivan Samoylovych(1630s–1690)Іван Самойлович 1672 (Cossack Grove) 17 June 1672 August 1687(15 years) pro-Muscovite faction The period of ruin and civil war ended 8 Ivan Mazepa(1639–1709)Іван Мазепа 1687 (Kolomak) 4 August 1687 6 November 1708() "stripped" of a title, discredited 9 Ivan Skoropadsky(1646–1722)Іван Скоропадський 1708 (Hlukhiv) 6 November 1708 14 July 1722() died X Pavlo Polubotok(1660–1724)Павло Полуботок appointed hetman 1722 1724(c. 2 years) died in prisonCollegium of Little Russia (Stepan Velyaminov) 1722–1727 10 Danylo Apostol(1654–1734)Данило Апостол 1727 (Hlukhiv) 12 October 1727 29 March 1734() died X Yakiv Lyzohub(1675–1749)Яків Лизогуб appointed hetman 1733 1749(16 years) diedGoverning Council of the Hetman Office (Aleksei Shakhovskoy) 1734–1745 11 Kyrylo Rozumovsky(1728–1803)Кирило Розумовський 1750 (Hlukhiv) 22 February 1750 17 November 1764() resignedCollegium of Little Russia 1764–1786 (Pyotr Rumyantsev)
Notes
Some historians, including Mykola Arkas,Pavlo Teteria, Hetman of the Right-bank Ukraine. Cossack leaders of Ukraine (textbook). question the legitimacy of the Teteria's elections, accusing him of corruption.Lohvyn, Yu. Pavlo Teteria. Hetmans of Ukraine. "Merry Alphabet". Some sources claim that the election of Teteria took place in January 1663.Pavlo Teteria. History of the Great Nation. The election of Teteria led to the Povoloch Regiment Uprising in 1663, followed by greater unrest in the modern region of Kirovohrad Oblast, as well as Polesie (all in the Right-bank Ukraine). Moreover, the political crisis that followed the Pushkar–Barabash Uprising divided the Cossack Hetmanate completely on both banks of the Dnieper River.Horobets, V. Civil wars in Ukraine of 1650s–1660s. Encyclopedia of history of Ukraine. Vol.2. Kiev: "Naukova Dumka", 2004. Coincidentally, on 10 January 1663 the Tsardom of Muscovy created the new Little Russian Office (Prikaz) within its Ambassadorial Office.
Vouched for by Charles Marie François Olier, marquis de Nointel, Yurii Khmelnytsky was freed from Ottoman captivity and, along with Pasha Ibragim, was sent to Ukraine to fight the Moscow forces of Samoilovych and Romadanovsky. In 1681, Mehmed IV appointed George Ducas hetman of Ukraine, replacing Khmelnytsky.
Following the anathema on Mazepa and the election of Ivan Skoropadsky, the Cossack Hetmanate was included in the Russian Government of Kiev in December 1708. Upon the death of Skoropadsky, the elections oh hetmans were discontinued and were awarded as a gift and a type of princely title, first to Moldavian noblemen and, later, to the Russian Empress's favorites.
On 5 April 1710, the council of cossacks, veterans of the Battle at Poltava, elected Pylyp Orlyk as the Hetman of Ukraine in exile. Orlyk waged a guerrilla war at the southern borders of the Russian Empire with support from the Ottoman and Swedish empires.
See also Hetman of the Zaporizhian Cossacks Hetman of all Ukraine
Notes
References
Further reading Dyadychenko, V. Sketches of a social and political system of the Left-bank Ukraine at the end of 17th and the start of 18th centuries. Kiev 1959 Smoliy, V. Hetmanate Ukraine. Kiev 1999
External links Shcherbak, V. Institution of Hetmans. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine. "Naukova dumka". Kiev 2004 Hetman. Encyclopedia of Ukraine.