The 2014 United States federal budget is the budget to fund government operations for the fiscal year (FY) 2014, which began on October 1, 2013 and ended on September 30, 2014.

President Obama submitted the FY2014 budget proposal on April 10, 2013, two months past the February 4 legal deadline due to negotiations over the United States fiscal cliff and implementation of the sequester cuts mandated by the Budget Control Act of 2011. The House of Representatives passed its proposal, H.Con.Res 25, prior to the submission of the President's budget proposal, as did the Senate (S.Con.Res 8). The House and Senate budget resolutions were not reconciled as a final budget.

At the time the fiscal year 2014 budget was debated, budgeting issues were controversial. Government spending had recently been limited by an automatic sequestration process that resulted when Congress and President Obama failed to meet spending reduction targets set by the Budget Control Act of 2011. The House and Senate were at the time controlled by different parties with different fiscal agendas.

Failure to pass an initial continuing resolution caused the 16-day-long federal government shutdown of 2013. The government was then temporarily funded through the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014 and later a three-day Act. The House and Senate eventually compromised and passed the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013. Final funding for the government was enacted as an omnibus spending bill, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014, enacted on January 17, 2014.

Budget proposals

House bill

Budgetary caps in the House bill Year Revenues Budget Authority Outlays Deficits (on-budget) Debt Subject to Limit Debt Held by the Public 2014 $2,270,932 million $2,769,406 million $2,815,079 million -$544,147 million $17,776,278 million $12,849,621 million 2015 $2,606,592 million $2,681,581 million $2,736,849 million -$130,257 million $18,086,450 million $13,069,788 million 2016 $2,778,891 million $2,857,258 million $2,850,434 million -$71,544 million $18,343,824 million $13,225,569 million 2017 $2,903,673 million $2,988,083 million $2,958,619 million -$54,947 million $18,635,129 million $13,362,146 million 2018 $3,028,951 million $3,104,777 million $3,079,296 million -$50,345 million $18,938,669 million $13,485,102 million 2019 $3,149,236 million $3,281,142 million $3,231,642 million -$82,405 million $19,267,212 million $13,648,470 million 2020 $3,284,610 million $3,414,838 million $3,374,336 million -$89,726 million $19,608,732 million $13,836,545 million 2021 $3,457,009 million $3,540,165 million $3,495,489 million -$38,480 million $19,900,718 million $13,992,649 million 2022 $3,650,699 million $3,681,407 million $3,667,532 million -$16,833 million $20,162,755 million $14,154,363 million 2023 $3,832,145 million $3,768,151 million $3,722,071 million $110,073 million $20,319,503 million $14,210,984 million

The House Budget Committee reported out the House Budget Bill () on March 15, 2013 which was introduced and sponsored by budget committee chairman Paul Ryan (R-WI) to the United States House of Representatives. It passed the House on March 21, 2013, 221-207.

Along with setting forth the congressional budget for the federal government for fiscal year 2014, it proposed budget levels for fiscal 2015 through 2023 with respect to federal revenues, new budget authority, outlays, deficits, public debt, and debt held by the public. The proposed budget would also reform the U.S. tax code to create only two income tax brackets (with 10% and 25% tax rates), end the Alternative Minimum Tax, and reduce the corporate tax rate from 35% to 25%. The bill instructs the House Ways and Means Committee to reform the existing tax code by removing various tax credits and exemptions (which are unspecified in the bill itself). The bill would also repeal Obamacare by "eliminating the subsidized insurance exchanges and the Medicaid expansion that make up the core of the law," and would "convert Medicare into a system of private insurance plans financed by federal vouchers."

The bill received commentary from all sides of the political spectrum. The spending cuts found in the House Bill were supported by many Republicans. Tom McClintock (R-CA) supported the bill, noting that the Democrats' rival bill included too much new spending, putting the United States at risk of an economic crisis like the one found in Greece. Todd Rokita (R-IN) supported the spending cuts and accused the Democrats of stealing from future generations to pay for their deficit spending. Barbara Lee (D-CA) criticized the bill, renaming it from "Path to Prosperity" to "Path to Poverty," a reference to some of the bill's cuts to welfare program spending. The provision to alter the Medicare system by changing it into a voucher system for people under 55 was strongly criticized by Barbara Boxer (D-CA) on March 21, 2013, who claimed that older Americans would end up with higher out-of-pocket expenses for worse care (as a result of legislators giving up on fixing a dying system). The House Bill was also criticized by some Republican lawmakers for not going far enough to cut spending.

Due to the closer balance between the two parties in the House, the Republican leadership worked hard to limit the number of defections from conservative Republicans. It was voted on by the House of Representatives on March 21, 2013, and passed with a simple majority, 221-207. The 221 votes in favor of passage were all from Republicans. Of those voting, every Democrat voted against passage, along with 10 Republicans. The 10 Republican Representatives who voted against the House Bill were, Justin Amash (R-MI), Paul Broun (R-GA), Rick Crawford (R-AR), Randy Forbes (R-VA), Chris Gibson (R-NY), Phil Gingrey (R-GA), Joe Heck (R-NV), Walter Jones (R-NC), Tom Massie (R-KY), and David McKinley (R-WV) Some of these Representatives voted against the passage of the House Bill because they preferred the Republican Study Committee's budget instead. Representative McKinley voted against the budget because he objected to the cuts to Medicare, wanted to make changes to the foreign aid budget, and failed to exempt some bureaucracies (such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation) from budget cuts. Four members did not vote.

The Senate rejected the House budget on March 21, 2013 with a vote of 40-59 and continued to work on its own budget bill, (See Senate bill, below). Republicans such as Paul Ryan have argued that the two different bills clarify the differences between the two parties on issues of spending and balanced budgets.

Alternative House budget proposals

The Republican Study Committee budget would balance the Federal budget in four years, in part by freezing Federal spending after reducing discretionary spending to 2008 levels. The plan would also open the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to drilling by oil companies and increase the age at which seniors became eligible for Social Security and Medicare. The budget failed in a vote of 104-132, with most Democrats not voting.

The Congressional Progressive Caucus budget contained several key features, most of them dramatically opposed to the main features of both the Republican Study Committee budget, and the budget proposed by Paul Ryan. The Congressional Progressive Caucus called for cutting Pentagon spending (back to 2006 levels), increased taxes on millionaires, the elimination of some subsidies (to oil and gas companies), and would increase unemployment insurance.

Senate bill

Budgetary caps in the Senate bill Year Revenues Budget Authority Outlays Deficits Public Debt Debt Held by the Public 2013 $2,038,311 million $3,054,195 million $2,956,295 million $917,984 million $17,113,638 million $12,274,763 million 2014 $2,290,932 million $2,963,749 million $2,997,884 million $706,952 million $18,008,333 million $13,059,985 million 2015 $2,646,592 million $3,046,506 million $3,082,375 million $435,783 million $18,626,857 million $13,588,003 million 2016 $2,833,891 million $3,211,506 million $3,240,376 million $406,486 million $19,222,298 million $14,081,252 million 2017 $2,973,673 million $3,386,445 million $3,382,809 million $409,137 million $19,871,057 million $14,574,683 million 2018 $3,111,061 million $3,568,528 million $3,542,197 million $431,136 million $20,558,744 million $15,081,187 million 2019 $3,245,117 million $3,779,446 million $3,749,797 million $504,680 million $21,312,959 million $15,669,625 million 2020 $3,400,144 million $3,973,331 million $3,926,818 million $526,674 million $22,094,877 million $16,297,499 million 2021 $3,592,212 million $4,136,110 million $4,103,496 million $511,283 million $22,863,179 million $16,929,319 million 2022 $3,800,500 million $4,350,282 million $4,323,224 million $522,724 million $23,634,787 million $17,600,005 million 2023 $3,991,775 million $4,492,138 million $4,451,446 million $459,672 million $24,364,925 million $18,229,414 million

The Senate budget resolution () was introduced on March 15, 2013, the resolution was sponsored by Senator Patty Murray (D-WA). This was the first budget the Senate had itself proposed in 4 years. It called for $3.7 trillion in federal spending and increased taxes, and it anticipated government debt continuing to accumulate. Along with setting forth the congressional budget for the federal government for fiscal year 2014, it proposed budget levels for fiscal 2015 through 2023 with respect to federal revenues, new budget authority, outlays, deficits, public debt, and debt held by the public.

The Senate resolution also required Senate committees to: (1) review programs and tax expenditures in their jurisdictions to identify waste, fraud, and abuse or duplication, and to increase the use of performance data to inform committee work; (2) review the matters for congressional consideration identified on the Government Accountability Office (GAO) High Risk list report and the annual report to reduce program duplication; and (3) make recommendations to the Senate Budget Committee to improve governmental performance in their annual views and estimates reports. It called on the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), in its annual Update to the Budget and Economic Outlook, to: (1) report changes in direct spending and revenue associated with the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, including the net impact on deficit, both with on-budget and off-budget effects; and (2) provide an analysis of the budgetary effects of 30%, 50%, and 100% of Americans losing employer sponsored health insurance and accessing coverage through federal or state exchanges. The resolution listed new budget authority, outlays, and administrative expenses for the Social Security Administration (SSA), including the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund and the Federal Disability Insurance Trust Fund, U.S. Postal Service discretionary administrative expenses, and specified major functional categories for FY2013-FY2023. It also authorized a variety of deficit-neutral reserve funds, and a reserve fund for tax reform, as well as deficit-reduction reserve funds for government reform and efficiency, and to promote corporate tax fairness.