A lake-burst (,Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, s.v. tomaidm. Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla, s.v. tomhaidhm.) is a phenomenon referred to in Irish mythology, in which a previously non-existent lake comes into being, often when a grave is being dug. Part of the lake-burst stories may originate in sudden hydrographic changes around limestone-based inland plains or turloughs.C.N. Ó Dochargaigh, 'Introduction', in: N.S. Robins & B.D.R. Misstear (eds.), Groundwater in the Celtic Regions: Studies in Hard Rock and Quaternary Geology, London 2000, p. 1-3. Other so-called lake-bursts refer to marine estuaries, bays and inlets, such as Galway Bay, Strangford Lough, Dundrum Bay, Belfast Lough, Waterford Harbour and the mouth of the River Erne. Some of these coastal districts were renowned for the drowned prehistoric forests, which gave rise to several flood-myths.
Lake-bursts play a significant role in Irish water symbolism. The people of Ireland and Celtic Britain generally believed that vast bodies of water — seas or inland lakes — harbored beings from the underworld (Tír fó Thuinn), whether as humans or monstrous creatures, in their depths. Bodies of water not only served as physical boundaries, but also as spiritual thresholds, separating life from death, this world from the otherworld.Pamela Hopkins, 'The Symbology of Water in Irish Pseudo-History'’, in: Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium 12 (1992), p. 80-86.
Medieval bards had a special genre of lake-burst poems called tomamond. More or less elaborate 11th- or 12th-century narratives have survived around Galway Bay, Lough Neagh and Lough Ree, which seem to be related to similar (though less ancient) stories in Wales (Cantre'r Gwaelod, Llys Helig, Llyn Tegid, Llynclys), Cornwall (Lyonesse), Brittany (Ys) and Normandy (Forêt de Scissy). A late 16th-century Frisian legend, probably borrowed from Irish examples, refers to the origins of the Zuiderzee. Other Irish texts refer to the eruption of the River Boyne and other rivers. The poems of the lake-burst of Lough Erne and the eruption of Brí (where the legendary character Midir lived) have been lost. In Wales the flood myth is elaborated in the story of Dwyfan and Dwyfach, who saved people and animals from the great deluge caused by the monster Avanc living in Llyn Llion (possibly Llyn Tegid). Its Irish counterpart as told in the Lebor Gabála Érenn only links up with the Biblical story of Noah's flood.
The theme relates to the classical story of the warrior Marcus Curtius, who was said to have thrown himself in the Lacus Curtius near the Forum Romanum in order to stop a chasm made by the river Tiber. A similar story was told about King Midas.Plutarch, Moralia: Greek and Roman Parallel Stories
Identification Not every lake mentioned in medieval sources can be identified with certainty.Most identifications after John O'Donovan (ed.), Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland, by the Four Masters, from the Earliest Period to the Year 1616, 2nd. ed., vol. 1, Dublin 1856. Loch Lainglinne, for instance, might be another reference to Belfast Lough, which was known as Loch Laoigh or Loch Laigh.
Apparently, medieval Irishmen were convinced that almost all of their lakes had emerged after Noah's flood. Their myths suggest that land reclamation and deforestation went hand in hand with the seasonal inundation of low-lying plains. According to the corrupted text of Lebor Gabála Érenn king Partholón found only three lakes or bays: Loch Fordremain in Sliab Mis of Mumhan (Tralee Bay), Loch Lumnig (probably Loch Lurgan or Galway Bay) on Tir Find and Loch Cera or Findloch over the borders of Irrus. Interestingly enough, several major lakes and outlets, such as Lough Corrib, Lough Derg (Shannon), Shannon Estuary and Killary Harbour are not mentioned in any known myth. This may imply that at least some lake-bursts mentioned have been wrongly identified with smaller lakes, where, in fact, they may have been referring to one of the major lakes. The cave of St Patrick's Purgatory on Station Island in Lough Derg (Ulster), moreover, was identified in the Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii as the entrance to the Underworld.Lawrence Taylor, Lawrence & Meave Hickey, 'Pilgrimage to the Edge: Lough Derg in the Moral Geography of Europe and Ireland', in: Nieves Herrero & Sharon R. Roseman (eds.), The Tourism Imaginary and Pilgrimages to the Edges of the World, Bristol / Buffalo / Toronto 2015, p. 92-119.
The plains that supposedly had been drowned, had special names, which have been preserved in a 16th-century manuscript.John Carey, 'The Names of the Plains beneath the Lakes of Ireland', in: John Carey, Máire Herbert, Kevin Murray (eds.), Cín chille cúile: Texts, Saints and Places: Essays in Honour of Pádraig Ó Riain, Aberystwyth 2004, p. 44–57.
List of mythical lake-bursts The Book of Invasions (Lebor Gabála Érenn) describes seven waves of invaders who came to Ireland, including the Partholonians, Nemedians, Fir Bolg, Tuatha Dé Danann, and Milesians. Each wave reshaped the land, often accompanied by lake-bursts or floods that symbolized renewal and transformation. Fionn mac Cumhaill's time Galway Bay or Loch Lurgan.Harry Roe, Ann Doole (eds.), Acallam Na Senórach, Oxford 1999, p. 127-128.
Partholón's time Source:
Loch Laighlinne in Ui mac Uais of Brega (Laighlinne's grave) Loch Rudraige, in Ulaid (Rudraige's grave)Identification after Hector Munro Chadwic, Early Scotland: The Picts, the Scots and the Welsh of Southern Scotland, Cambridge 1949, repr. 2013, p. 107. Gerald of Wales calls it Lake Ruturugus. Loch Techet, in Connachta Loch Mese, in Connachta Loch Con, in Connachta Loch Echtra, in Airgialla (between Sliabh Modharn and Sliabh Fuaid), "full of swans" Loch Cuan in Ulaid, an inundation of the sea over the land of Brena, or by the river Brena - the seventh lake eruption
Nemed's time Source: Loch Annind (Annind's grave) Loch Cal in Ui Niallain Loch Munremair in Luigne Loch Dairbrech (another king's grave)
Érimón's time Source:CELT: The Corpus of Electronic Texts: Annals of the Four Masters Loch Cimbe Loch Buadhaigh Loch Baadh Loch Ren Loch Finnhaighe Loch Greine Loch Riach Loch Chaech, in Leinster Loch Laegh, in Ulster
Tigernmas's time Loch Uair, in Meath Loch n-Iairn Loch Ce, in Connaught Loch Saileann Loch nAilleann, in Connaught Loch Feabhail Loch Gabhair Dubhloch Loch Dabhall, in Oirghialla.
Óengus Olmucaid's time Aenbheithe, in Ui Cremhthainn Loch Saileach Loch Na nGasan, in Magh Luirg, in Connaught The eruption of the sea between Eabha and Ros Cette
Óengus the Mac Oc's time Lough Neagh
See also
Bodb Derg Nemed Turlough (lake) List of loughs in Ireland Flood myth
References