Tondano (also known as Tolou, Tolour, Tondanou, and Toulour) is an Austronesian language spoken in the Tondano area of northeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is most similar to Tombulu and to Tonsea.
There is some lexical influence from European languages, such as Dutch, as well as Malay, Tombulu, and Ternate.
Dialects There are three main dialects of the Tondano language: Tondano proper, Kakas or Ka'kas, and Remboken.
Phonology +VowelsFrontCentralBackCloseMidOpen +ConsonantsLabialAlveolarPalatalVelarGlottalNasalPlosive/Affricatevoiceless()voiced()Fricativevoiceless()()voiced()()RhoticLateralApproximant /ɰ/ may also have an allophone as a fricative [ɣ].
Phonemes in parentheses typically occur in loan words.
See also Minahasan languages Languages of Indonesia
References
Bibliography
Further reading
Brickell, Timothy C., and Stefan Schnell (2017). "Do grammatical relations reflect information status? Reassessing preferred argument structure theory against discourse data from Tondano". In: Linguistic Typology 21: 177–208. DOI: 10.1515/lingty-2017-0005 Brickell, Timothy C. (2018). "Reduplication in Tondano and Tonsawang". In: NUSA: Linguistic studies of languages in and around Indonesia 65: 81–107. Warouw, Maya Pinkan. "Leksikon Bahasa Daerah Tondano" In: Jurnal Duta Bahasa Vol 1, No 1 (2022): 1-8. WATUSEKE, F.S. (1972) "Kolano' in the Tondano Language". In: Papers in Borneo and Western Austronesian Linguistics, no. 2. Pacific Linguistics A-33: 123-129. WATUSEKE, F.S. “TONDANO AND NOT TOULOUR”. In: Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde 143, no. 4 (1987): 552–54. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27863875.
External links Hertz, Regina & Lee, Sandra (2017). Assessment of the vitality of the Tondano Language (Sulawesi, Indonesia). SIL electronic survey report