Plesiolebias is a genus of fish in the family Rivulidae. These annual killifish are endemic to seasonal pools, swamps and lagoons in the Araguaia–Tocantins, Xingu, and uppermost Paraguay (Pantanal) river basins in Brazil.
They are small fish, up to in total length. As typical of killifish, males are more colorful than females.
Species Plesiolebias and the closely related Maratecoara, Papiliolebias, Pituna and Stenolebias form a clade, Plesiolebiasini.
There are currently eight recognized species in Plesiolebias:
Plesiolebias altamira W. J. E. M. Costa & D. T. B. Nielsen, 2007 Plesiolebias aruana (Lazara, 1991) Plesiolebias canabravensis W. J. E. M. Costa & D. T. B. Nielsen, 2007 Plesiolebias filamentosus W. J. E. M. Costa & G. C. Brasil, 2007 Plesiolebias fragilis W. J. E. M. Costa, 2007 Plesiolebias glaucopterus (W. J. E. M. Costa & Lacerda, 1989) Plesiolebias lacerdai W. J. E. M. Costa, 1989 Plesiolebias xavantei (W. J. E. M. Costa, Lacerda & Tanizaki, 1988)
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