The Barons' Letter of 1301 was written by 103 English, Scottish, Norman and Welsh, earls and barons loyal to King Edward I. The letter was addressed to Pope Boniface VIII as a repudiation of his claim of feudal overlordship of Scotland (expressed in the Bull Scimus Fili), and as a defence of the rights of King Edward I of England as overlord of Scotland. The letter survives in two copies, known as A and B, both held in the National Archives at Kew under the reference E 26. Historically they were held amongst the documents in the Exchequer, Treasury of the Receipt department.
Creation The occasion of the letter was a meeting of the Parliament of England held at Lincoln. It is addressed to the Pope, referred to as "most Holy Father", and dated from Lincoln on "12 February 1300" (at the time, the start of the New Year varied among different countries, and had been tied in England since the Norman Conquest to 25 March, the Feast of the Annunciation; thus, 24 March 1300 was followed by 25 March 1301).See the full text on wikisource s:Barons' Letter, 1301 (English); :la:s:Baronum epistola, 1301 (Latin) The letter explains in its text
The seals of the signatories to the letter survive in excellent condition. Although they are now detached from the document, they form the earliest contemporary group of true coats of arms, the rules of heraldry having only been established at around the start of the 13th century, and were stated for that reason by Lord Howard de Walden to be of very great value to students of heraldry.Howard de Walden, p.xi: "The Barons seals, forming as they do the earliest contemporary series of veritable coats of arms, are of the greatest importance from the heraldic standpoint, and as such are worthy of careful reproduction" Many of the armorials also appear in the near contemporary Falkirk Roll of Arms made before the Battle of Falkirk in 1298 and in the near contemporaneous stained glass shields in Dorchester Abbey, Oxfordshire. Many are also Blazoned in verse in the Roll of Caerlaverock of 1300.
Purpose The letter was written by English barons (mainly feudal barons and a few barons by writ) as a repudiation to the pope of his claim to feudal overlordship of Scotland, which he had expressed in a papal bull dated 27 June 1299 at Anagni. The bull was addressed to King Edward I of England and it was delivered by Robert Winchelsey, Archbishop of Canterbury at Sweetheart Abbey in Galloway, Scotland, on 26th or 27 August 1300. The bull is preserved in the National Archives at Kew under reference SC 7/6/10.
The king sought the advice of William of Sardinia, a former Dean of Arches to the Archbishop, as to what his response should be, and was presented with various options set out in a letter preserved in the National Archives (C/47/31/15). The Papal bill had been delivered to the king at a sensitive moment, just after the hard-won English victory at the Siege of Caerlaverock Castle over the Scots. Following their defeat at the Battle of Falkirk in 1298 the Scots had appealed to the pope for his protection, yet the English had fought to subject their northern neighbour and were not about to release it from under their control, perhaps only to rise up again against them.
The French were the real movers of the pope's claim, having suggested the move to him as a means to effect protection of the Scots, then their allies under the Auld Alliance,Howard de Walden, Introduction, p.ix: "...claiming, on the suggestion of France, the feudal superiority, not for the Scottish but for Pope Boniface himself" and were themselves allied with the Scots against the English. An English attack on a kingdom the feudal overlord of which was the pope would be virtually unthinkable in political and religious terms. There was thus no question of the English even considering the pope's claim, and the tone of the barons' reply to him is one of anger and open defiance, devoid of almost any of the diplomatic niceties with which the papal bull was replete.
In the event, the Barons' Letter was never sent to the pope, as events changed rapidly to such an extent that it appeared superfluous.Howard de Walden, Introduction, p.x: "...Owing to the offence given by the French king at this juncture, the Pope's attention was diverted from Scotland, the position ceased to be acute and the bull together with the BL were conveniently shelved by the king" A letter to the same effect from the king had however been sent to the pope; it is now held in the Vatican Archives with a copy in the National Archives at Kew under reference C 54/118. It was stored away within the archives of the Exchequer, where the two copies of it remained for several centuries until transferred to Public Record Office under the custody of the Master of the Rolls before 1903H de W, p.xi, writing in 1903/4 stated that they were at that time in the custody of the Master of the Rolls, the precursor in function of the Public Record Office which later became the present National Archives at Kew, where the letters are now kept under ref E26, see sources and more recently transferred to the National Archives at Kew.
Seals The letter was composed and sealed at the parliament specially convened for the purpose of replying to the Pope's letter held at Lincoln between 13–20 January 1301.H de W, Intro., p.ix To it were summoned 9 earls and 80 barons, yet 7 earls and 96 barons are recorded in the letter itself as co-authors. Those barons who did not answer the summons sealed the letter later.
The seals appended by hempen cords to Exemplar B were "tricked" (i.e. reproduced by drawing) by Lancaster Herald Nicholas Charles in 1611.Lord Howard de Walden, Some Feudal Lords and their Seals 1301, published 1903, reprinted 1984 He also made a transcript of Exemplar B., which clearly was then in a better state of preservation than today.Cotton MS Julius C, VII, f.228b, facsimile published in Lord Howard de Walden, Some Feudal Lords and their Seals 1301, 1903, pp.xxii-xxv Whilst his drawings provide much detail which is otherwise difficult to see in photographs of the seals themselves, some of his transcripts of the legends are inaccurate.Howard de Walden, p.xi & note 1, who notes especially inaccuracies in the transcribed legends from the seals of de Tregoz, de Tony, Kyme, Le Breton and FitzMarmaduke
In 1903 Lord Howard de Walden published Charles' drawings and a facsimile of his transcript, and also two sets of photographic images of the seals from Exemplar A; firstly of all the surviving individual cords of seals in colour (showing one face only of each seal), and secondly black and white images of each constituent seal on the cord, obverse and reverse (where existing). The number of surviving seals (series unspecified) is given as 95 by the National Archives catalogue entry, and as 72 (7 earls and 65 barons) by Brian Timms. Photographic images were published by Brian Timms on his heraldry website.
List of the barons who sealed the letter # Latinised name in letter (English translation); Standard identification; Legend (obverse/reverse) Cord (A series) on which affixed Seal (obverse, reverse), 1904 photo (A series); 1611 drawing (B series)Arms1 Johannes Comes Warenne (John Earl Warenne); John de Warenne, Earl of Surrey; S(IGILLUM) JOH(ANN)IS DE WARENNIA COMITIS DE SURREIA / SIGILLUM JOHANNIS COMITIS DE WARENNIA 2Thomas Comes Lancastrie (Thomas Earl of Lancaster) – Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster; S(IGILLUM) THOM(A)E COMITIS LANCAST LEYCESTRIE ET DE FERRARIIS 3Radulphus de Monte Hermerii Comes Gloucestr & Hertford (Ralph de Monthermer Earl of Gloucester & Hertford); Ralph de Monthermer, 1st Baron Monthermer; S(IGILLUM) (T?) RADULFI DE MONTE HERMERII COM(ITIS) GLOUERNIE ET HERTFORD / S RADULFI DE MONTE HERMERII COM(ITIS) GLOUERNIE ET HERTF{| style="border: 1px solid darkgray;"
|4||Humfridus de Bohun Comes Hereford & Essex & Constabulari Anglie (Humfrey de Bohun Earl of Hereford & Essex & Constable of England); Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford; S(IGILLUM) H DE BOHUN COMITIS HEREFORD ET CONSTABULAR(II) ANGL(IAE) / S(IGILLUM) HUMFRIDI D3E BOHUN COMITIT HEREFORDIE ET ESSEXIE||align="center"||| {| style="border: 1px solid darkgray;"
|5||Rogerus Bigo Comes Norff' & Marescallus Anglie (Roger Bigod Earl of Norfolk & Marshall of England); Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk; SIGILLUM ROGERI BIGOD (seal of Roger Bigod)||align="center"||| {| style="border: 1px solid darkgray;"
|6||Ricardus Comes Arundell (Richard Earl Arundel); Richard FitzAlan, Earl of Arundel; SIGILLUM RICARDI COMITIS DE ARUNDELL (seal of Richard Earl of Arundell)||align="center"||| {| style="border: 1px solid darkgray;"
|7||Guido Comes Warrewik (Guy Earl Warwick); Guy de Beauchamp, 10th Earl of Warwick; S(IGILLUM) GWIDONIS DE BELLO CAMPO COM WARREWYK/ S GUIDONIS DE BELLOCAMPO COMITIS WARREWIK (seal of Guy de Beauchamp Earl of Warwick)||align="center"|||
|8||Adomarus de Valencia D(omi)n(u)s de Moniniaco (Aylmer de Valence Lord of Moniniaco); Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke; SIGILLUM ADOMARI DE VALENCE||align="center"||| {| style="border: 1px solid darkgray;"
|9||Will(elmu)s D(omi)n(u)s de Leyborn (William Lord of Leyburn) – William (d. 1310), son of Roger de Leybourne (1215-1271), Governor of Carlisle;Howard de W, p.25 S(IGILLUM) WILLIELMI DE LEYBURN||align="center"||| {| style="border: 1px solid darkgray;"
|10||Henricus de Lancastre Dominus de Munemue (Henry of Lancaster Lord of Monmouth); Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster||align="center"||| {| style="border: 1px solid darkgray;"
|11||Will(elmu)s le Latimer D(omi)n(u)s de Corby (William le Latimer Lord of Corby); William Latimer, 1st Baron Latimer||align="center"||| {| style="border: 1px solid darkgray;"
|12|| Edmundus de Hastingg Dns de Enchimeholmok (Edmund de Hastings, Lord of Inchmahome) – Edmund Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings (younger brother of (13) Johannes de Hastinges Dns de Bergaveny)||align="center"|||
|13||Johannes de Hastinges Dns de Bergaveny (John de Hastings, Lord of Bergavenny) – John Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings (elder brother of (12) Edmundus de Hastingg Dns de Enchimeholmok)||align="center"|||
|14||Edmundus de Motuomari Dns de Wiggemor (Edmund Mortimer, Lord of Wigmore) – Edmund Mortimer, 2nd Baron Mortimer; S(IGILLUM) EDMUNDI DE MORTUOMARI (seal of Edmund from "the dead sea")||align="center"||| {| style="border: 1px solid darkgray;"
|15||Fulco filius Warini Dns de Whitington (Fulk, son of Warin, Lord of Whittington) – Fulk FitzWarin, 1st Baron FitzWarin, Lord of Whittington, Shropshire; SIGILLUM FULCONIS FILLII WARINI (seal of Fulk son of Warin)||align="center"||| {| style="border: 1px solid darkgray;"
|16||Henricus de Percy, Dns de Topclive (Henry de Percy, Lord of Topcliffe) – Henry Percy, 1st Baron Percy; SIGILLUM HENRICI DE PERCY /SIGILLUM HENRICI DE PERCI ||align="center"|||
|17||Theobaldus de Verdon, Dominus de Webbele (Theobald de Verdon, Lord of Weobley); Theobald de Verdon, 1st Baron Verdon||align="center"|||align="center"|||align="center"| |- |18||Robertus filus Walteri, Dns de Wodeham (Robert son of Walter, Lord of Wodeham) – Robert FitzWalter, 1st Baron FitzWalter (1247-1326) of Woodham Walter and Little Dunmow, Essex||align="center"|||align="center"||| |- |19||Johes Dns de Sullee (John, Lord of Sudeley) – John de Sudeley, 1st Baron Sudeley||align="center"|||align="center"|||align="center"| |- |20||Johannes de Sco Johanne, Dns de Hannak (John St John, Lord of Halnaker, Sussex)||align="center"||| {| style="border: 1px solid darkgray;"
|21||Johes de Bello Campo, Dns de Hacche (John de Beauchamp, Lord of Hatch) – John Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp of Somerset||align="center"|||align="center"|||align="center"| |- |22||Johannis de Hudleston, Dns de Aneys (John de Hodleston, Lord of Aneys)||align="center"||| {| style="border: 1px solid darkgray;"
|23||Willus de Breuhosa Dns de Gower (William de Braose, Lord of Gower) – William de Braose, 2nd Baron Braose||align="center"|||