Tetraparvovirus are a genus of viruses in the family Parvoviridae. The genus contains eight species.
Description Tetraparvoviruses are small, non enveloped animal viruses with a single-stranded DNA genome between 4 and 6 kb in length. There are 2 open reading frames (ORF) present in the genome. ORF1 encodes the non-structural protein (NS1) and ORF2 encodes the viral capsid proteins (VP1/VP2). Inverted terminal repeats are present at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the genome. Within this family there is a third ORF lying within VP1.
The NS1 protein possesses both helicase and ATPase domains. It has ~652 amino acids residues and a molecular weight of 70–75 kilodaltons (kDa). The VP1 protein contains 900–950 amino acid residues and is ~100 kDa in molecular weight. VP1 has a conserved phospholipase A2 domain which is used by the virion to escape from the endosome.
The third ORF encodes a small protein with a single transmembrane helix spanning 20 amino acid residues in the centre. Its molecular weight is ~10 kDa. The function of this protein is not known.
Virology These viruses have been isolated from blood, liver, spleen, lymph node and bone marrow.
Clinical These viruses have not been associated with disease in any of their known hosts to date.
Taxonomy The genus contains the following species, listed by scientific name and followed by the exemplar virus of the species:
Tetraparvovirus chiropteran1, Eidolon helvum parvovirus 1 Tetraparvovirus didelphimorph1, Opossum tetraparvovirus Tetraparvovirus primate1, Human parvovirus 4 Tetraparvovirus rodent1, Rodent tetraparvovirus Tetraparvovirus ungulate1, Bovine hokovirus 1 Tetraparvovirus ungulate2, Porcine hokovirus, also called Porcine parvovirus 3 Tetraparvovirus ungulate3, Porcine parvovirus 2, also called Parvovirus YX-2010/CHN Tetraparvovirus ungulate4, Ovine hokovirus 1
History The first member of this genus was identified in 2001 in pig serum and designated Porcine parvovirus 2.Hijikata M, Abe K, Win KM, Shimizu YK, Keicho N, et al (2001) Identification of new parvovirus DNA sequence in swine sera from Myanmar. Jpn J. Infect. Dis 54: 244-245. The first human tetraparvovirus, PARV4, was described in 2005.Jones MS, Kapoor A, Lukashov VV, Simmonds P, Hecht F, et al (2005) New DNA viruses identified in patients with acute viral infection syndrome. J Virol 79: 8230–8236. These new viruses were recognised as being related to but distinct from the known parvoviruses. They were isolated from a group of patients who had engaged in high risk behavior. Other members of this group were isolated from animal sources in Hong Kong.Lau SK, Woo PC, Tse H, Fu CT, Au WK, et al (2008) Identification of novel porcine and bovine parvoviruses closely related to human parvovirus 4. J Gen Virol 89: 1840–1848 These isolates were originally referred to as Hokoviruses. They have been isolated from wild boars in GermanyAdlhoch C, Kaiser M, Ellerbrok H, Pauli G (2010) High prevalence of porcine Hokovirus in German wild boar populations. Virol J 7: 171 and chimpanzees and baboons.Sharp CP, LeBreton M, Kantola K, Nana A, Diffo Jle D, et al. (2010) Widespread infection with homologues of human parvoviruses B19, PARV4, and human bocavirus of chimpanzees and gorillas in the wild. J Virol 84: 10289–10296 They have also been isolated from sheepTse H, Tsoi HW, Teng JL, Chen XC, Liu H, Zhou B, Zheng BJ, Woo PC, Lau SK, Yuen KY (2011) Discovery and genomic characterization of a novel ovine partetravirus and a new genotype of bovine partetravirus. PLoS One 6(9):e25619. and pigs.Li B, Ma J, Xiao S, Wen L, Ni Y, Zhang X, Fang L, He KJ (2012) Genome sequence of a highly prevalent porcine partetravirus in mainland China. Virol 86(3):1899 Finally, they have been also identified in bats.
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