In computational complexity theory, S is a complexity class, intermediate between the first and second levels of the polynomial hierarchy. A language is in if there exists a polynomial-time predicate P such that
If , then there exists a y such that for all z, , If , then there exists a z such that for all y, , where size of y and z must be polynomial of x.
Relationship to other complexity classes It is immediate from the definition that S is closed under unions, intersections, and complements. Comparing the definition with that of and , it also follows immediately that S is contained in . This inclusion can in fact be strengthened to ZPPNP.. A preliminary version of this paper appeared earlier, in FOCS 2001, , , .
Every language in NP also belongs to For by definition, a language L is in NP, if and only if there exists a polynomial-time verifier V(x,y), such that for every x in L there exists y for which V answers true, and such that for every x not in L, V always answers false. But such a verifier can easily be transformed into an predicate P(x,y,z) for the same language that ignores z and otherwise behaves the same as V. By the same token, co-NP belongs to These straightforward inclusions can be strengthened to show that the class contains MA (by a generalization of the Sipser–Lautemann theorem) and (more generally, ).
Karp–Lipton theorem A version of Karp–Lipton theorem states that if every language in NP has polynomial size circuits then the polynomial time hierarchy collapses to S. This result yields a strengthening of Kannan's theorem: it is known that S is not contained in (nk) for any fixed k.
Symmetric hierarchy As an extension, it is possible to define as an operator on complexity classes; then . Iteration of operator yields a "symmetric hierarchy"; the union of the classes produced in this way is equal to the Polynomial hierarchy.
References
External links
Complexity Class of the Week: S2P, Lance Fortnow, August 28, 2002.