Cafiero is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Antonio Cafiero (1922–2014), Argentine politician Carlo Cafiero (1846–1892), Italian anarchist Claudio Cafiero (born 1989), Italian footballer Federico Cafiero (1914–1980), Italian mathematician James Cafiero (1928–2023), American politician John Cafiero, American musician and director Juan Pablo Cafiero (born 1953), Argentine politician Mario Cafiero (died 2020), Argentine politician Santiago Cafiero (born 1979), Argentine politician