Issidae

Issidae is a family of planthoppers described by Spinola in 1839, belonging to the order Hemiptera, suborder Auchenorrhyncha superfamily Fulgoroidea.

Distribution Species of this family are present throughout the Northern Hemisphere.

Description

Issidae are small insects generally with a stocky body, as the wings mainly develop in width. Basic body coloration is not striking, usually shows brownish colors. The head has two ocelli. The forewings have strong pronounced ribs. They wrap the abdomen when the insect is at rest. The family originally included approximately 1000 species with 215 genera, but the systematics of Issidae remains uncertain, with many of the subfamilies having been recently removed to separate families, including Caliscelidae. Nogodinidae, and Tropiduchidae.

In 2013, scientists described a biologically unique set of mechanical gears in an Issus nymph, though identical structures are known in most planthoppers, and were known for decades before the function of the gears was discovered.

Taxonomy The family Issidae was once large and included many groups which are now treated in other families or as families themselves. These groups include the Caliscelidae, Nogodinidae, and Tropiduchidae (e.g., subfamilies Tonginae and Trienopinae). Around 2003, there was a view in favour of a single subfamily Issinae, but the current consensus is placement in four (as below). The Catalogue of LifeCatalogue of life lists genera in five tribes Issini, Parahiraciini, Hemisphaeriini and Thioniini. The tribe Colpopterini have now been placed in family Nogodinidae Melichar, 1898 having been raised to a subfamily.Fulgoromorpha Lists On the Web (FLOW): Colpopterinae Gnezdilov, 2003 (retrieved 21 July 2020) The oldest fossil of the group is Cubicostissus of the Paleocene Menat Formation of France, belonging to the tribe Hysteropterini, molecular clock calibrations suggest a diversification during the Upper Cretaceous.

Subfamilies, tribes and selected genera Fulgoromorpha Lists On the WebFulgoromorpha Lists On the Web (FLOW): Issidae Spinola, 1839 (retrieved 21 July 2020) lists four subfamilies:

Hemisphaeriinae Authority: Melichar, 1906 Eupilisini Gnezdilov, 2020 Bornepilis Gnezdilov, 2020 Eupilis Walker, 1857 Gabaloeca Walker, 1870 Syrgis Stål, 1870 Hemisphaeriini Melichar, 1906 Hemisphaeriina Melichar, 1906 Ceratogergithus Gnezdilov, 2017 Choutagus Zhang, Wang & Che, 2006 Epyhemisphaerius Chan & Yang, 1994 Gergithoides Schumacher, 1915 Gergithus Stål, 1870 Hemisphaerius Schaum, 1850 Maculergithus Constant & Pham, 2016 Neogergithoides Sun, Meng & Wang, 2012 Neohemisphaerius Chen, Zhang & Chang, 2014 Ophthalmosphaerius Gnezdilov, 2017 Rotundiforma Meng, Wang & Qin, 2013 Mongolianina Wang, Zhang & Bourgoin, 2016 (8 genera) Kodaianellini Wang, Zhang & Bourgoin, 2016 (6 genera) Parahiraciini Cheng & Yang, 1991 †Bolbossus Gnezdilov & Bourgoin, 2016 Baltic amber, Eocene (Priabonian) Parahiraciina Cheng & Yang, 1991 (24 genera) Scantiniina Bourgoin & Wang, 2020 Scantinius Stål, 1866 Vindilisina Bourgoin & Wang, 2020 Nisoprincessa Gnezdilov, 2017 Vindilis Stål, 1870 Sarimini Wang, Zhang & Bourgoin, 2016 (30 genera) Hemisphaeriinae incertae sedis Amphiscepa Germar, 1830 Brahmaloka Distant, 1906 Chimetopina Gnezdilov, 2017 Cascaruna Gnezdilov, 2017 Chimetopon Schmidt, 1910 Ikonza Hesse, 1925 Coruncanius Distant, 1916 Devagama Distant, 1906 Hemisobium Schmidt, 1911 Jagannata Distant, 1906 Katonella Schmidt, 1911 Kivupterum Dlabola, 1985 Kodaiana Distant, 1916 Narayana Distant, 1906 Orinda Kirkaldy, 1907 Picumna Stål, 1864 Radha Melichar, 1903 Redarator Distant, 1916 Samantiga Distant, 1906 Tatva Distant, 1906 Thabenoides Distant, 1916

Hysteropterinae Authority: Melichar, 1906; there are currently 59 genera including: Agalmatium Emeljanov, 1971 Falcidius Stål, 1866 Hysteropterum Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843 - type genus †Cubicostissus Bourgoin & Nel, 2020 Menat Formation, France, Paleocene (Selandian)

Issinae The monotypic subfamily contains the sole tribe Issini Spinola, 1839Spinola M. 1839 - Essai sur les Fulgorelles, sous-tribu de la tribu des Cicadaires, ordre des Rhyngotes. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. Paris 8: 133-337. and has a widespread distribution in Europe, the Middle East and temperate Asia.Fulgoromorpha Lists On the Web (FLOW): Issini Spinola, 1839 (retrieved 21 July 2020) There are currently ten genera: Carimeta Gnezdilov, 2020 Cophteroma Gnezdilov, 2020 Cyclometa Gnezdilov, 2020 †Issites Haupt, 1956 Germany, Eocene (Lutetian) Issus Brullé, 1832 – type genus Latissus Dlabola, 1974 Memusta Gnezdilov, 2020 Metopasius Gnezdilov, 2020 Sinonissus Wang, Shi & Bourgoin, 2018 Thiopara Gnezdilov, 2020

Thioniinae Authority: Melichar, 1906 There are currently 3 tribes and 16 genera: Cordelini Gnezdilov, 2019 (1 genus) Cordela Gnezdilov, 2019 Guianaphrynini Gnezdilov, 2018 (1 genus) Guianaphryna Gnezdilov, 2018 Thioniini Melichar, 1906 (14 genera) Amnisa Stal, 1862 Diceroptera Gnezdilov, 2011 Dracela Signoret, 1861 Heremon Kirkaldy, 1903 Oronoquina Gnezdilov, 2018 (1 genus) Oronoqua Fennah, 1947 Paranipeus Melichar, 1906 Proteinissus Fowler, 1904 Thioniamorpha Metcalf, 1938 Thioniella Metcalf, 1938 Thioniina Melichar, 1906 Aplos Gnezdilov, 2018 Cheiloceps Uhler, 1895 Fowlerium Gnezdilov, 2018 Thionia Stal, 1859 Waoraniina Gnezdilov & Bartlett, 2018 (1 genus) Waorania Gnezdilov & Bartlett, 2018

Issidae incertae sedis Twenty genera are currently placed here:

Abolloptera Gnezdilov & O'Brien, 2006 Argepara Gnezdilov & O'Brien, 2008 Aztecus Gnezdilov & O'Brien, 2008 Balduza Gnezdilov & O'Brien, 2006 Bumaya Gnezdilov & O'Brien, 2008 Carydiopterum Gnezdilov, 2017 Delongana Caldwell, 1945 Exortus Gnezdilov, 2004 Gilda Walker, 1870 Incasa Gnezdilov & O'Brien, 2008 Kathleenum Gnezdilov, 2004 Paralixes Caldwell, 1945 Sarnus Stål, 1866 Stilbometopius Gnezdilov & O'Brien, 2006 Traxanellus Caldwell, 1945 Traxus Metcalf, 1923 Tylanira Ball, 1936 Ulixes Stål, 1861 Ulixoides Haupt, 1918

Uphodato Szwedo 2019, Krundia Szwedo 2019 and Breukoscelis Szwedo 2019 from the Bembridge Marls, England dating Eocene (Priabonian) were considered members of this family upon description, however, other authors have found assignation to Issidae dubious.

References

W. E. Holzinger, I. Kammerlander, H. Nickel: The Auchenorrhyncha of Central Europe - Die Zikaden Mitteleuropas. Volume 1: Fulgoromorpha, Cicadomorpha excl. Cicadellidae. - Brill, Leiden 2003 Stephen W. Wilson – Keys to the families of Fulgoromorpha with emphasis on planthoppers of potential importance in the Southern United States -Florida Entomologist 88(4) Fcla.edu

External links Fauna Europaea Biolib