Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols is a Unicode block comprising styled forms of Latin and Greek letters and decimal digits that enable mathematicians to denote different notions with different letter styles. The letters in various fonts often have specific, fixed meanings in particular areas of mathematics. By providing uniformity over numerous mathematical articles and books, these conventions help to read mathematical formulas. These also may be used to differentiate between concepts that share a letter in a single problem.
Unicode includes many such symbols (in the range U+1D400–U+1D7FF). The rationale behind this is that it enables design and usage of special mathematical characters (fonts) that include all necessary properties to differentiate from other alphanumerics, e.g. in mathematics an italic letter "" can have a different meaning from a roman letter "". Unicode originally included a limited set of such letter forms in its Letterlike Symbols block before completing the set of Latin and Greek letter forms in this block beginning in version 3.1.
Unicode expressly recommends that these characters not be used in general text as a substitute for presentational markup; the letters are specifically designed to be semantically different from each other. Unicode does include a set of normal serif letters in the set. Still they have found some usage on social media, for example by people who want a stylized user name, and in email spam, in an attempt to bypass filters.
All these letter shapes may be manipulated with MathML's attribute mathvariant.
The introduction date of some of the more commonly used symbols can be found in the Table of mathematical symbols by introduction date.
Tables of styled letters and digits These tables show all styled forms of Latin and Greek letters, symbols, and digits in the Unicode Standard.
The first column labelled as "serif normal" is in fact non-symbol letters from the BMP. These will not have serifs if the font is non-serif, this table selects a serif font for them.
In most cases the code point is the sum of the index number on the left and the number at the top of the column. Pink and yellow cells and '-' index indicates this rule does not apply.
Latin letters
The 24 characters with are not in the Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols block, but instead in the BMP letterlike symbols block, for example, ℛ () is at U+211B rather than the expected U+1D4AD which is reserved. In the code charts for the Unicode Standard, the reserved code points corresponding to the pink cell are annotated with the name and code point of the correct character.Unicode code chart U1D400 (PDF) There are a few characters which have names that suggest that they should belong in the tables below, but in fact do not because their official character names are misnomers:
; "despite its character name, this symbol is derived from a special italicized version of the small letter l". It has various other specialized uses, such as a liter symbol and as the azimuthal quantum number symbol. is a symbol for Weierstrass's elliptic function. It is officially aliased as .
Latin capital letters Serif Sans-serif Script (or calligraphy) Fraktur Mono-space Double-struck Normal Bold Italic Bolditalic Normal Bold Italic Bolditalic Normal Bold Normal Bold Normal Bold U+ 0041 1D400 1D434 1D468 1D5A0 1D5D4 1D608 1D63C 1D49C 1D4D0 1D504 1D56C 1D670 1D538 00 A 𝐀 𝐴 𝑨 𝖠 𝗔 𝘈 𝘼 𝒜 𝓐 𝔄 𝕬 𝙰 𝔸 01 B 𝐁 𝐵 𝑩 𝖡 𝗕 𝘉 𝘽 ℬ 𝓑 𝔅 𝕭 𝙱 𝔹 02 C 𝐂 𝐶 𝑪 𝖢 𝗖 𝘊 𝘾 𝒞 𝓒 ℭ 𝕮 𝙲 ℂ 03 D 𝐃 𝐷 𝑫 𝖣 𝗗 𝘋 𝘿 𝒟 𝓓 𝔇 𝕯 𝙳 𝔻 04 E 𝐄 𝐸 𝑬 𝖤 𝗘 𝘌 𝙀 ℰ 𝓔 𝔈 𝕰 𝙴 𝔼 05 F 𝐅 𝐹 𝑭 𝖥 𝗙 𝘍 𝙁 ℱ 𝓕 𝔉 𝕱 𝙵 𝔽 06 G 𝐆 𝐺 𝑮 𝖦 𝗚 𝘎 𝙂 𝒢 𝓖 𝔊 𝕲 𝙶 𝔾 07 H 𝐇 𝐻 𝑯 𝖧 𝗛 𝘏 𝙃 ℋ 𝓗 ℌ 𝕳 𝙷 ℍ 08 I 𝐈 𝐼 𝑰 𝖨 𝗜 𝘐 𝙄 ℐ 𝓘 ℑ 𝕴 𝙸 𝕀 09 J 𝐉 𝐽 𝑱 𝖩 𝗝 𝘑 𝙅 𝒥 𝓙 𝔍 𝕵 𝙹 𝕁 0A K 𝐊 𝐾 𝑲 𝖪 𝗞 𝘒 𝙆 𝒦 𝓚 𝔎 𝕶 𝙺 𝕂 0B L 𝐋 𝐿 𝑳 𝖫 𝗟 𝘓 𝙇 ℒ 𝓛 𝔏 𝕷 𝙻 𝕃 0C M 𝐌 𝑀 𝑴 𝖬 𝗠 𝘔 𝙈 ℳ 𝓜 𝔐 𝕸 𝙼 𝕄 0D N 𝐍 𝑁 𝑵 𝖭 𝗡 𝘕 𝙉 𝒩 𝓝 𝔑 𝕹 𝙽 ℕ 0E O 𝐎 𝑂 𝑶 𝖮 𝗢 𝘖 𝙊 𝒪 𝓞 𝔒 𝕺 𝙾 𝕆 0F P 𝐏 𝑃 𝑷 𝖯 𝗣 𝘗 𝙋 𝒫 𝓟 𝔓 𝕻 𝙿 ℙ 10 Q 𝐐 𝑄 𝑸 𝖰 𝗤 𝘘 𝙌 𝒬 𝓠 𝔔 𝕼 𝚀 ℚ 11 R 𝐑 𝑅 𝑹 𝖱 𝗥 𝘙 𝙍 ℛ 𝓡 ℜ 𝕽 𝚁 ℝ 12 S 𝐒 𝑆 𝑺 𝖲 𝗦 𝘚 𝙎 𝒮 𝓢 𝔖 𝕾 𝚂 𝕊 13 T 𝐓 𝑇 𝑻 𝖳 𝗧 𝘛 𝙏 𝒯 𝓣 𝔗 𝕿 𝚃 𝕋 14 U 𝐔 𝑈 𝑼 𝖴 𝗨 𝘜 𝙐 𝒰 𝓤 𝔘 𝖀 𝚄 𝕌 15 V 𝐕 𝑉 𝑽 𝖵 𝗩 𝘝 𝙑 𝒱 𝓥 𝔙 𝖁 𝚅 𝕍 16 W 𝐖 𝑊 𝑾 𝖶 𝗪 𝘞 𝙒 𝒲 𝓦 𝔚 𝖂 𝚆 𝕎 17 X 𝐗 𝑋 𝑿 𝖷 𝗫 𝘟 𝙓 𝒳 𝓧 𝔛 𝖃 𝚇 𝕏 18 Y 𝐘 𝑌 𝒀 𝖸 𝗬 𝘠 𝙔 𝒴 𝓨 𝔜 𝖄 𝚈 𝕐 19 Z 𝐙 𝑍 𝒁 𝖹 𝗭 𝘡 𝙕 𝒵 𝓩 ℨ 𝖅 𝚉 ℤ
Latin small letters Basic form Sans-serif Script (or calligraphy) Fraktur Mono-space Double-struck Normal Bold Italic Bolditalic Normal Bold Italic Bolditalic Normal Bold Normal Bold Normal Bold U+ 0061 1D41A 1D44E 1D482 1D5BA 1D5EE 1D622 1D656 1D4B6 1D4EA 1D51E 1D586 1D68A 1D552 00 a 𝐚 𝑎 𝒂 𝖺 𝗮 𝘢 𝙖 𝒶 𝓪 𝔞 𝖆 𝚊 𝕒 01 b 𝐛 𝑏 𝒃 𝖻 𝗯 𝘣 𝙗 𝒷 𝓫 𝔟 𝖇 𝚋 𝕓 02 c 𝐜 𝑐 𝒄 𝖼 𝗰 𝘤 𝙘 𝒸 𝓬 𝔠 𝖈 𝚌 𝕔 03 d 𝐝 𝑑 𝒅 𝖽 𝗱 𝘥 𝙙 𝒹 𝓭 𝔡 𝖉 𝚍 𝕕 04 e 𝐞 𝑒 𝒆 𝖾 𝗲 𝘦 𝙚 ℯ 𝓮 𝔢 𝖊 𝚎 𝕖 05 f 𝐟 𝑓 𝒇 𝖿 𝗳 𝘧 𝙛 𝒻 𝓯 𝔣 𝖋 𝚏 𝕗 06 g 𝐠 𝑔 𝒈 𝗀 𝗴 𝘨 𝙜 ℊ 𝓰 𝔤 𝖌 𝚐 𝕘 07 h 𝐡 ℎ 𝒉 𝗁 𝗵 𝘩 𝙝 𝒽 𝓱 𝔥 𝖍 𝚑 𝕙 08 i 𝐢 𝑖 𝒊 𝗂 𝗶 𝘪 𝙞 𝒾 𝓲 𝔦 𝖎 𝚒 𝕚 09 j 𝐣 𝑗 𝒋 𝗃 𝗷 𝘫 𝙟 𝒿 𝓳 𝔧 𝖏 𝚓 𝕛 0A k 𝐤 𝑘 𝒌 𝗄 𝗸 𝘬 𝙠 𝓀 𝓴 𝔨 𝖐 𝚔 𝕜 0B l 𝐥 𝑙 𝒍 𝗅 𝗹 𝘭 𝙡 𝓁 𝓵 𝔩 𝖑 𝚕 𝕝 0C m 𝐦 𝑚 𝒎 𝗆 𝗺 𝘮 𝙢 𝓂 𝓶 𝔪 𝖒 𝚖 𝕞 0D n 𝐧 𝑛 𝒏 𝗇 𝗻 𝘯 𝙣 𝓃 𝓷 𝔫 𝖓 𝚗 𝕟 0E o 𝐨 𝑜 𝒐 𝗈 𝗼 𝘰 𝙤 ℴ 𝓸 𝔬 𝖔 𝚘 𝕠 0F p 𝐩 𝑝 𝒑 𝗉 𝗽 𝘱 𝙥 𝓅 𝓹 𝔭 𝖕 𝚙 𝕡 10 q 𝐪 𝑞 𝒒 𝗊 𝗾 𝘲 𝙦 𝓆 𝓺 𝔮 𝖖 𝚚 𝕢 11 r 𝐫 𝑟 𝒓 𝗋 𝗿 𝘳 𝙧 𝓇 𝓻 𝔯 𝖗 𝚛 𝕣 12 s 𝐬 𝑠 𝒔 𝗌 𝘀 𝘴 𝙨 𝓈 𝓼 𝔰 𝖘 𝚜 𝕤 13 t 𝐭 𝑡 𝒕 𝗍 𝘁 𝘵 𝙩 𝓉 𝓽 𝔱 𝖙 𝚝 𝕥 14 u 𝐮 𝑢 𝒖 𝗎 𝘂 𝘶 𝙪 𝓊 𝓾 𝔲 𝖚 𝚞 𝕦 15 v 𝐯 𝑣 𝒗 𝗏 𝘃 𝘷 𝙫 𝓋 𝓿 𝔳 𝖛 𝚟 𝕧 16 w 𝐰 𝑤 𝒘 𝗐 𝘄 𝘸 𝙬 𝓌 𝔀 𝔴 𝖜 𝚠 𝕨 17 x 𝐱 𝑥 𝒙 𝗑 𝘅 𝘹 𝙭 𝓍 𝔁 𝔵 𝖝 𝚡 𝕩 18 y 𝐲 𝑦 𝒚 𝗒 𝘆 𝘺 𝙮 𝓎 𝔂 𝔶 𝖞 𝚢 𝕪 19 z 𝐳 𝑧 𝒛 𝗓 𝘇 𝘻 𝙯 𝓏 𝔃 𝔷 𝖟 𝚣 𝕫 – ı 𝚤 colspan="11" – ȷ 𝚥 colspan="11"
Greek letters and symbols
Greek capital letters Serif Sans-serif Normal Bold Italic Bolditalic Bold Bolditalic U+ 0391 1D6A8 1D6E2 1D71C 1D756 1D790 00 Α 𝚨 𝛢 𝜜 𝝖 𝞐 01 Β 𝚩 𝛣 𝜝 𝝗 𝞑 02 Γ 𝚪 𝛤 𝜞 𝝘 𝞒 03 Δ 𝚫 𝛥 𝜟 𝝙 𝞓 04 Ε 𝚬 𝛦 𝜠 𝝚 𝞔 05 Ζ 𝚭 𝛧 𝜡 𝝛 𝞕 06 Η 𝚮 𝛨 𝜢 𝝜 𝞖 07 Θ 𝚯 𝛩 𝜣 𝝝 𝞗 08 Ι 𝚰 𝛪 𝜤 𝝞 𝞘 09 Κ 𝚱 𝛫 𝜥 𝝟 𝞙 0A Λ 𝚲 𝛬 𝜦 𝝠 𝞚 0B Μ 𝚳 𝛭 𝜧 𝝡 𝞛 0C Ν 𝚴 𝛮 𝜨 𝝢 𝞜 0D Ξ 𝚵 𝛯 𝜩 𝝣 𝞝 0E Ο 𝚶 𝛰 𝜪 𝝤 𝞞 0F Π 𝚷 𝛱 𝜫 𝝥 𝞟 10 Ρ 𝚸 𝛲 𝜬 𝝦 𝞠 11 ϴ 𝚹 𝛳 𝜭 𝝧 𝞡 12 Σ 𝚺 𝛴 𝜮 𝝨 𝞢 13 Τ 𝚻 𝛵 𝜯 𝝩 𝞣 14 Υ 𝚼 𝛶 𝜰 𝝪 𝞤 15 Φ 𝚽 𝛷 𝜱 𝝫 𝞥 16 Χ 𝚾 𝛸 𝜲 𝝬 𝞦 17 Ψ 𝚿 𝛹 𝜳 𝝭 𝞧 18 Ω 𝛀 𝛺 𝜴 𝝮 𝞨 19 ∇ 𝛁 𝛻 𝜵 𝝯 𝞩 – Ϝ 𝟊 colspan="4"
Greek small letters Serif Sans-serif Normal Bold Italic Bolditalic Bold Bolditalic U+ 03B1 1D6C2 1D6FC 1D736 1D770 1D7AA 00 α 𝛂 𝛼 𝜶 𝝰 𝞪 01 β 𝛃 𝛽 𝜷 𝝱 𝞫 02 γ 𝛄 𝛾 𝜸 𝝲 𝞬 03 δ 𝛅 𝛿 𝜹 𝝳 𝞭 04 ε 𝛆 𝜀 𝜺 𝝴 𝞮 05 ζ 𝛇 𝜁 𝜻 𝝵 𝞯 06 η 𝛈 𝜂 𝜼 𝝶 𝞰 07 θ 𝛉 𝜃 𝜽 𝝷 𝞱 08 ι 𝛊 𝜄 𝜾 𝝸 𝞲 09 κ 𝛋 𝜅 𝜿 𝝹 𝞳 0A λ 𝛌 𝜆 𝝀 𝝺 𝞴 0B μ 𝛍 𝜇 𝝁 𝝻 𝞵 0C ν 𝛎 𝜈 𝝂 𝝼 𝞶 0D ξ 𝛏 𝜉 𝝃 𝝽 𝞷 0E ο 𝛐 𝜊 𝝄 𝝾 𝞸 0F π 𝛑 𝜋 𝝅 𝝿 𝞹 10 ρ 𝛒 𝜌 𝝆 𝞀 𝞺 11 ς 𝛓 𝜍 𝝇 𝞁 𝞻 12 σ 𝛔 𝜎 𝝈 𝞂 𝞼 13 τ 𝛕 𝜏 𝝉 𝞃 𝞽 14 υ 𝛖 𝜐 𝝊 𝞄 𝞾 15 φ 𝛗 𝜑 𝝋 𝞅 𝞿 16 χ 𝛘 𝜒 𝝌 𝞆 𝟀 17 ψ 𝛙 𝜓 𝝍 𝞇 𝟁 18 ω 𝛚 𝜔 𝝎 𝞈 𝟂 19 ∂ 𝛛 𝜕 𝝏 𝞉 𝟃 1A ϵ 𝛜 𝜖 𝝐 𝞊 𝟄 1B ϑ 𝛝 𝜗 𝝑 𝞋 𝟅 1C ϰ 𝛞 𝜘 𝝒 𝞌 𝟆 1D ϕ 𝛟 𝜙 𝝓 𝞍 𝟇 1E ϱ 𝛠 𝜚 𝝔 𝞎 𝟈 1F ϖ 𝛡 𝜛 𝝕 𝞏 𝟉 – ϝ 𝟋 colspan="4"
Digits
Normal Bold Double-struck Sans-serif Sans-serifbold Mono-space U+ 0030 1D7CE 1D7D8 1D7E2 1D7EC 1D7F6 0 0 𝟎 𝟘 𝟢 𝟬 𝟶 1 1 𝟏 𝟙 𝟣 𝟭 𝟷 2 2 𝟐 𝟚 𝟤 𝟮 𝟸 3 3 𝟑 𝟛 𝟥 𝟯 𝟹 4 4 𝟒 𝟜 𝟦 𝟰 𝟺 5 5 𝟓 𝟝 𝟧 𝟱 𝟻 6 6 𝟔 𝟞 𝟨 𝟲 𝟼 7 7 𝟕 𝟟 𝟩 𝟳 𝟽 8 8 𝟖 𝟠 𝟪 𝟴 𝟾 9 9 𝟗 𝟡 𝟫 𝟵 𝟿
Glyph variants Variation selectors may be used to specify chancery (U+FE00) vs roundhand (U+FE01) forms, if a computer font is available that supports them:
Code point Plain FE00 FE01U+1D49C 𝒜 𝒜︀ 𝒜︁U+212C ℬ ℬ︀ ℬ︁U+1D49E 𝒞 𝒞︀ 𝒞︁U+1D49F 𝒟 𝒟︀ 𝒟︁U+2130 ℰ ℰ︀ ℰ︁U+2131 ℱ ℱ︀ ℱ︁U+1D4A2 𝒢 𝒢︀ 𝒢︁U+210B ℋ ℋ︀ ℋ︁U+2110 ℐ ℐ︀ ℐ︁U+1D4A5 𝒥 𝒥︀ 𝒥︁U+1D4A6 𝒦 𝒦︀ 𝒦︁U+2112 ℒ ℒ︀ ℒ︁U+2133 ℳ ℳ︀ ℳ︁U+1D4A9 𝒩 𝒩︀ 𝒩︁U+1D4AA 𝒪 𝒪︀ 𝒪︁U+1D4AB 𝒫 𝒫︀ 𝒫︁U+1D4AC 𝒬 𝒬︀ 𝒬︁U+211B ℛ ℛ︀ ℛ︁U+1D4AE 𝒮 𝒮︀ 𝒮︁U+1D4AF 𝒯 𝒯︀ 𝒯︁U+1D4B0 𝒰 𝒰︀ 𝒰︁U+1D4B1 𝒱 𝒱︀ 𝒱︁U+1D4B2 𝒲 𝒲︀ 𝒲︁U+1D4B3 𝒳 𝒳︀ 𝒳︁U+1D4B4 𝒴 𝒴︀ 𝒴︁U+1D4B5 𝒵 𝒵︀ 𝒵︁
Kurrent style can be specified using variation selector VS03 (U+FE02), if a computer font is available that supports it: + Variation sequences Base character Base +VS03 Description U+1D4CF MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT SMALL Z kurrent style
Chart for the Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols block
History The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols block:
Version Count L2 ID WG2 ID Document 3.1 U+1D400..1D454, 1D456..1D49C, 1D49E..1D49F, 1D4A2, 1D4A5..1D4A6, 1D4A9..1D4AC, 1D4AE..1D4B9, 1D4BB, 1D4BD..1D4C0, 1D4C2..1D4C3, 1D4C5..1D505, 1D507..1D50A, 1D50D..1D514, 1D516..1D51C, 1D51E..1D539, 1D53B..1D53E, 1D540..1D544, 1D546, 1D54A..1D550, 1D552..1D6A3, 1D6A8..1D7C9, 1D7CE..1D7FF 991 doc) doc) N2103 N2168 N2191 N2191R txt) N2272 N2253 N5333R2 4.0 U+1D4C1 1 N2449 doc) 4.1 U+1D6A4..1D6A5 2 N2590 5.0 U+1D7CA..1D7CB 2 18.0 U+1D6A6 1 N5333 N5333R N5333R2
See also Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering List of mathematical uses of Latin letters Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode
Mathematical notation Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement for outlined Latin glyphs and numerals
References